The purpose of this study is to determine the level of satisfaction among residents in public rental housing to solve the housing problems of low-income households. From among the various types of public rental housing, those with large differences in the physical housing environment were selected for an analysis of the environmental factors impacting tenants' residential satisfaction. To achieve the study's objective, the residential satisfaction of tenants in public residential housing in Seoul was researched and analyzed; results are as follows. First, the environmental factors impacting individuals living in public rental housing were described as the "Safety and Incivility Factor" (SIF), "Physical Factor" (PF), "Facilities Accessibility Factor" (FAF), and "Equipment Factor" (EF). Second, these factors were found to impact residential satisfaction of tenants in public rental apartments in the order of EF, SIF, PF, and FAF; they were found to impact the tenants of public rental general houses in the order of SIF, EF, PF, and FAF. These differences are based on the public rental housing type, which necessitates plans that consider priority improvement of residential environment factors according to housing types, to improve the residential satisfaction of tenants in both currently operating and future public rental housing.

This study proposes a surveillance approach that will enhance safety in commercial districts. The authors identified physical factors that increase the likelihood of burglaries, and analyzed a commercial zone in relation to these factors to create a crime-free urban area. The study was conducted in Yeoksam-dong, a neighborhood of Gangnam-gu (the Gangnam District) in Seoul, Korea's capital. Yeoksam-dong has a large floating population. The authors found that: (1) In commercial districts, burglaries on footpaths accounted for most crimes, and illegal activities occurred in certain spaces. (2) In high crime-risk areas, views of the street from the first floor were relatively wider than those from the second floor. Night lighting was adequate, according to South Korean standards, but very uneven. (3) The surveillance environment used depended on road width (12 m was the baseline), since roads affect building size, and the installation criteria for streetlights were applied inconsistently. (4) The factors that affected burglaries in commercial zones were the street gradients (SG), the number of streetlights (STL), the viewing areas from the first floor (1F VA), and minimum levels of illumination (Min I). SG, STL, and Min I indicated a positive relationship with burglaries, while 1F VA showed a negative correlation.

The objective of this study was to determine street environments wherein fear of crime and actual crime are highest in the environments surrounding elementary schools. To achieve this objective, elementary students' fear of crime and actual crime experienced were analyzed. The study adopted a geographical method based on streets. The study results were as follows. First, a large number of elementary students experienced fear of crime on the road at the school they attended. Female students feared crime more than male students. Second, students' fear of crime was mainly attributed to human factors (Many Bullies, Few People). Third, most elementary students experienced a fear of crime within a certain distance (500 m) from the school. Fourth, fear of crime and actual crime occurred mainly in small streets, small parks, or middle or high schools (advanced schools) nearby. Fifth, fear of crime and actual crime occurred near geographically similar elementary schools. Sixth, elementary students primarily experienced a fear of crime and actual crime on streets in densely populated residential areas.

Many studies revealed that vegetation in parks evokes fear of crime for women in a certain environmental context, and it significantly inhibits the restorative qualities of urban green spaces. A quasi-experimental on-site study was conducted at two privately owned public spaces in a central business district of Seoul, to investigate what aspects of sites trigger women's fear of crime and why. Female participants visited two contrasting sites (N = 30)one with dense trees and one with an open lawn -at both day and night and indicated perceived fear intensity on interactive maps with four levels (0-3). In total, 540 overlaid grid cells were encoded using the presence of physical attributes, such as vegetation, street furniture, lighting, security camera, artwork, borders of buildings, and roads. A generalized linear model estimated the effects of the physical attributes to determine whether they were positively or negatively associated with assessed fear intensity. Insufficient lighting and absence of people after working hours at the wooded site induced a large increase in perceived fear intensity from daytime. In geographically mapping fear of crime, participants showed the highest level of fear for violence and sex crimes in the alley enclosed with woods.

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