Energy system models create coherent quantitative descriptions of how energy is converted, transported, and consumed, at scales ranging from urban districts to entire continents. Formulating such models as optimisation problems allows a modeller to asses the effect of constraints, such as limited land availability for wind power deployment, the cost of battery electricity storage, or the elimination of fossil fuels from a country or a city, on the feasibility or cost of the modelled system. These models are particularly important in planning and policy-making for the transformation of the global energy system to address climate change.

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