Cranial nerve foramina are integral exits from the confines of the skull. Despite their significance in cranial nerve pathologies, there has been no comprehensive anatomical review of these structures. Owing to the extensive nature of this topic, Part I of our review, presented here, focuses on the foramina of the anterior and middle cranial fossae, discussing each foramen’s shape, orientation, size, surrounding structures, and structures that traverse them. Furthermore, by comparing the size of each foramen against the cross-sectional areas of its contents, we estimate the amount of free space in each. We also review lesions that can obstruct the foramina and discuss their clinical consequences.
Grenada and its Dependencies.-First discovery, name, and inhabitants.-French invasion and establishment in 1650.-War with, and ex¬ termination of the natives.-The island and its dependencies conveyed to the count De Cerillac.-Misconduct and punishment of the deputy governor .-The colony reverts to the crown of France-State of the island in 1700.-And again in 1762, when captured by the English.-Stipulations in favour of the French inhabitants .-First measures of the British government.-Claim of the crown to levy a duty of four CONTENTS. iv and a half per centum on produce exported.-Arguments for and ob¬ jections against the measure.-Decisions of the court of King's Bench on this important question.-Strictures on some positions advanced by the lord-chief justice on this occasion.-Transactions within the colony.-Royal instructions in favour of the Roman Catholic capitulations.-Internal dissentions.-Defenceless state.-French invasion 1779.__ Brave defence of the garrison.-Unconditional surrender.-Hardships exercised towards the English planters and their creditors.-Redress given by the court of France.-Grenada, &c. restored to Great Bri¬ tain by the peace of 1783.-Present state of the colony in respect to cultivation, productions and exports ; government and population. 43
Winged scapula is caused by paralysis of the serratus anterior or trapezius muscles due to damage to the long thoracic or accessory nerves, resulting in loss of strength and range of motion of the shoulder. Because this nerve damage can happen in a variety of ways, initial diagnosis may be overlooked. This paper discusses the anatomical structures involved in several variations of winged scapula, the pathogenesis of winged scapula, and several historical and contemporary surgical procedures used to treat this condition. Additionally, this review builds upon the conclusions of several studies in order to suggest areas for continued research regarding the treatment of winged scapula.
Premature closure of posterior fossa sutures as part of Crouzon's syndrome can present with large sinus pericranii. Such subcutaneous swellings might resolve spontaneously.
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