A method using light aircraft to observe spawning activity of Atlantic salmon and brown trout in some Norwegian streams was tested between the years 1981 and 83. From the air, spawning redds of these species appear as light, oval spots in the river bottom. The method was successfully applied to most of thc rivers studied, and information about numbers of redds, distribution of redds and spawning times was obtained. However, it has several limitations. the most important bcing that it proved to be unsuccessful in a deep river with high water turbidity. Also, during periods with high precipitation and high water level, thc method cannot be used. Several quantitative and qualitative aspects of the results obtained by this technique arc discussed.
The Norwegian Government in early 2007 initiated a process of Integrated and Ecosystem-based Management of the marine environment of the Norwegian Sea. A two year period of assessment work, including public consultation, was finalised with the release of a governmental white paper May 2009. Based on the scientific assessment the Government gave notice of relevant measures and requirements to prevent and/or reduce the magnitude of negative impacts of human activities in the area at the same time encouraging continued industrial developments. This paper addresses the scientific working process including the effort made to collect and present data, select representative ecosystem indicators, assess impacts on these from the various activities and the approach applied to assess cumulative effects. The paper further focuses on the petroleum sector part of this prosess, and results on relevant aspects to the offshore petroleum industry as well as potential conflict areas and the political solutions with regard to other human activities and the marine ecosystem components.
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