The existence of more of 16,000 varieties of quinoa accessions around the world has caused a disregard on their structural and phytochemical characteristics. Most of such accessions belong to cultivars settled in Colombia. The goal of this research was to evaluate the structural attributes and antioxidant capacities from six quinoa cultivars with high productive potential from central regions in Colombia. This study used middle-range infrared spectroscopy (IR-MIR) to determine the proteins, starch and lipids distinctive to quinoa grains. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Orbitrap, along with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI-Orbitrap MS), were also used to identify the existence of polyphenols in cultivars. The antioxidant capacity was determined through DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. The spectrums exhibited significant variances on the transmittance bands associated with 2922 cm−1, 1016 cm−1 and 1633 cm−1. Moreover, the intensity variations on the peaks from the secondary protein structure were identified, mainly on the bands associated with β-Sheet-1 and -2, random coil α elice and β-turns-2 and -3. Changes found in the ratios 996 cm−1/1014 cm−1 and 1041 cm−1/1014 cm−1 were associated with the crystalline/amorphous affinity. Regarding the antioxidant capacity, great differences were identified (p < 0.001) mainly through FRAP methods, while the phenolic acids and flavonoids were determined by UHPLC/ESI-Orbitrap MS techniques. The presence of apigenin and pinocembrin on grains was reported for the first time. Titicaca and Nariño were the most phytochemically diverse quinoa seeds.
In Gachantivá, Colombia, Rubus alutaceus has been used for commercial purposes for more than one decade but so far with unknown taxonomic identity. For its identification, the anatomical and morphological characteristics of its flowers, fruits, leaves, stems, and seeds, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of its fruits such as color, equatorial and polar diameter, fresh weight, pH and total soluble solids (TSS), were studied. Qualitative and quantitative morphological parameters were evaluated, and longitudinal and transverse cuts were made for histological studies. The plants were found to have trifoliate and pentafoliate leaves; whitish–yellow subglobose polydrupes, fully mature fruits with 8.8°Brix TSS; elliptical, subglobose seeds with ruminated endocarps; anatomical calcium oxalate crystals in the form of druses and raphides in the leaves and branches; and abundant hairs, simple and glandular (colleters) addition to vascular tissue with a more or less continuous appearance. High value in TSS, positively influences fruit agribusiness and the presence of simple hair and colleters can reduce the attack of pests, these variables identify the new species and give it agronomic potential to strengthen its cultivation and marketing.
El cultivo de mora en Colombia es un renglón importante para el desarrollo económico de medianos y pequeños productores. Las plantas de Rubus alpinus son arbustos semierectos, con tallos de seis metros o más, en cada uno se forman cerca de 50 hojas y 20 panículas, por tanto, las actividades de poda son labores indispensables en este cultivo y tienen el propósito de renovar las ramas productivas. En este sentido, el establecimiento de índices fisiológicos y de las curvas de crecimiento en estas plantas manejadas bajo diferentes sistemas de poda, permitirá plantear propuestas para el manejo agronómico de esta especie. En el presente ensayo se utilizaron plantas de dos años de edad, tutoradas en T, se marcaron 48 tallos bajo diferentes sistemas de poda (testigo: sin podar; poda corta: tallo a 1,6 m de longitud; poda larga: tallo a 2,6 m de longitud), se midió longitud de los tallos, y se registró el número de hojas y panículas aparecidas a través del tiempo, se graficó el comportamiento de las variables respecto a los días después de brotación (ddb). Se establecieron las curvas y tasas de crecimiento mediante análisis funcional. Como resultado se obtuvo que los modelos logísticos fueron los mejor ajustados para la descripción del crecimiento de esta especie, la máxima longitud del tallo se presentó a los 231 ddb con 535 cm, la tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRC) del tallo disminuyó gradualmente, la tasa absoluta de crecimiento (TAC) del tallo así como el número de hojas y panículas disminuyeron con tiempo. El número máximo de hojas fue de 55 a los 231 ddb, la floración en todos los sistemas de poda inició a los 126 ddb aproximadamente, el número de inflorescencias en promedio fue de 18 en plantas sin poda, con poda corta tuvo un valor de 10 y 21 con poda larga. Los resultados mostraron que la poda es un factor determinante en el desarrollo fisiológico y productivo en esta especie de mora.
Colombia is home to blackberry genetic resources which present a morphological diversity. The relevant characteristics related to its diversity are the presence of prickles, the shape of its leaves, the number and color of its fruits, and its enormous agro-industrial potential due bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. These plants can grow between 1,700 and 3,400 m asl and are cultivated in the central region of the country. The study evaluated 13 wild and cultivated plants from the genus Rubus. A molecular characterization was carried out using 16 SSR microsatellite markers, all of which produced positive amplification generating 23 loci and 26 alleles. The AMOVA indicated a molecular genetic differentiation of 23% between the groups which corresponded to the geographic location of the sample. The greatest contribution to variance is found within the groups (76%), possibly because each of them is composed of different cultivated species and wild relatives of the genus Rubus. This suggests that the grouping of the genotypes studied doesn’t necessarily correspond to geographical origin. However, the findings show high genetic variation, with an Fst value of 0.27. This may be useful in breeding programs where genetic diversity, morphological characteristics of the fruits, and the molecular identification of the fruits are taken into account.
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