We
have systematically mapped the phase behavior of a series of
symmetric CE/C/E ternary copolymer/homopolymer mixtures, where C is
poly(cyclohexylethylene) and E is poly(ethylene), identifying the
location in composition of the technologically important bicontinuous
microemulsion (BμE) channel as a function of diblock molecular
weight. The lamellar-to-disorder transition, characterized by dynamic
mechanical spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and optical
transmission measurements, exhibits increasingly second-order behavior
as the BμE state is approached with increasing homopolymer content.
Real-space transmission electron microscopy images obtained from rapidly
frozen specimens evidence the development of large-scale fluctuating
smectic correlations in the disordered state as the order–disorder
transition is approached. This discovery provides fresh insights into
the unexplained role of fluctuations in the formation of the BμE
in ternary mixtures formed from binary blends of homopolymers that
display an Ising-like critical point and a symmetric diblock copolymer
governed by a weak, fluctuation-induced, first-order phase transition.
We have engineered a new class of pH-responsive polymer films on gold surfaces by first developing a controlled, surface-catalyzed polymerization to prepare a copolymer film consistent with poly(methylene-co-ethyl acetate) and subsequently hydrolyzing the ester side chains to varying extents to yield carboxylic acids (denoted as PM-CO2H). When pH is increased, the acid groups become deprotonated or charged, dramatically increasing their water solubility and greatly altering the film properties. The carboxylic acid content within the copolymer film can be adjusted by changing the monomer concentration ratio used in the polymerization process or the length of time for the hydrolysis. We have designed PM-CO2H films to consist predominately (>95%) of polymethylene (PM) so that the film is hydrophobic in the uncharged state and, thereby, exhibits an extremely large pH-induced response in barrier properties once ionized. The effect of polymer composition on pH response was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), reflectance-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), and contact angle measurements. At a 1%-4% molar acid content, the copolymer film exhibits a 5 orders of magnitude change in its resistance to ion transport over 2-3 pH units. The pH at which this response begins can be tailored from pH 5 to pH 10 by decreasing the acid content in the film from 4% to 1%.
A heterogeneous Pt–Re/SiO2 catalyst
was used
to perform H–D exchange reactions on the linear saturated polyolefins
poly(ethylene), poly(ethylene-alt-propylene), and
isotactic poly(propylene) in the saturated hydrocarbon solvents decalin,
decane, heptane, and isooctane. Exchange reactions using deuterium
gas were selective toward the polymer in the case of linear and branched
alkane solvents for poly(ethylene) and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene), whereas reactions conducted in decalin result in virtually
no isotope exchange with the polymer. Essentially, no exchange occurred
with poly(propylene) in either linear (decane) or branched (isooctane)
solvents. In all cases, polymer backbone bonds were unperturbed, preserving
the molecular weight distribution. These results suggest that competitive
adsorption between the polymer and solvent plays a significant role
in heterogeneous catalysis of polymers. Furthermore, this strategy
provides a simple and efficient method for postsynthesis labeling
selected polyolefins with deuterium, for example, for use in small-angle
neutron scattering.
Power loss caused by polarization-type potential-induced degradation (PID-p) in a variety of high-performance photovoltaic cell types has been observed to be recoverable via subsequent illumination and in some cases preventable via simultaneous illumination. In this report, we describe the results of a study in which the front faces of n-PERT cells encapsulated in polymers with a broad range of electrical resistivity were exposed to varying and controlled irradiance during PID testing. For a low resistivity ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer encapsulant, no reduction in the rate or extent of power loss was observed for irradiance as high as 1,000 W/m 2 , whereas for high and intermediate resistivity polyolefin encapsulants, 100 and 300 W/m 2 , respectively, prevented power loss. We introduce a simple model based on charge accumulation that facilitates interpretation of these results whereby degradation via charge accumulation under voltage stress and recovery due to light exposure are opposing and interdependent phenomena that describe the susceptibility of a module to power loss.
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