Societal Impact Statement Crop wild relatives (CWR) are plant taxa closely related to crops and are a source of high genetic diversity that can help adapt crops to the impacts of global change, particularly to meet increasing consumer demand in the face of the climate crisis. CWR provide vital ecosystem services and are increasingly important for food and nutrition security and sustainable and resilient agriculture. They therefore are of major biological, social, cultural and economic importance. Assessing the extinction risk of CWR is essential to prioritise in situ and ex situ conservation strategies in Mesoamerica to guarantee the long‐term survival and availability of these resources for present and future generations worldwide. Summary Ensuring food security is one of the world's most critical issues as agricultural systems are already being impacted by global change. Crop wild relatives (CWR)—wild plants related to crops—possess genetic variability that can help adapt agriculture to a changing environment and sustainably increase crop yields to meet the food security challenge. Here we report the results of an extinction risk assessment of 224 wild relatives of some of the world's most important crops (i.e. chilli pepper, maize, common bean, avocado, cotton, potato, squash, vanilla and husk tomato) in Mesoamerica—an area of global significance as a centre of crop origin, domestication and of high CWR diversity. We show that 35% of the selected CWR taxa are threatened with extinction according to The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List demonstrates that these valuable genetic resources are under high anthropogenic threat. The dominant threat processes are land use change for agriculture and farming, invasive and other problematic species (e.g. pests, genetically modified organisms) and use of biological resources, including overcollection and logging. The most significant drivers of extinction relate to smallholder agriculture—given its high incidence and ongoing shifts from traditional agriculture to modern practices (e.g. use of herbicides)—smallholder ranching and housing and urban development and introduced genetic material. There is an urgent need to increase knowledge and research around different aspects of CWR. Policies that support in situ and ex situ conservation of CWR and promote sustainable agriculture are pivotal to secure these resources for the benefit of current and future generations.

The pyrimidine glycosides, vicine and convicine, are compounds of the genus Vicia, whereas their aglycone derivatives, divicine and isouramil, are responsible for favism occurrence, and L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) is a nonprotein amino acid precursor of dopamine in healthy neurons. The present work evaluated the effect of thermal treatment, which consisted of roasting and boiling, on the content of vicine, convicine and L‐DOPA in mature cotyledons of 10 varieties of Mexican Vicia faba L. and determined the concentration of glycosides and L‐DOPA by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The raw cotyledons showed 2.88–6.10, 0.63–1.68 and 0.28–0.44 vicine, convicine and L‐DOPA, respectively. The 12 and 40% and 30 and 61% decrease in vicine and convicine content, respectively, were observed to be the effect of roasting and boiling the samples. L‐DOPA was totally removed by both thermal processes. In all analyzed samples, vicine was the main compound; however, there were significant differences between varieties and thermal treatments. Practical Applications Vicine and convicine glycosides are strongly implicated in favism, a hemolytic anemia in humans, and in poor performance of laying hens. There are reports of decreased egg weight, increase in the fragility of the yolk and a number of blood stains, and decreased fertility and hatchability of eggs. The characterization of new varieties of faba bean in their content of potentially toxic glycosides allows selection of those with the lowest possible content of such compounds. Also, the application of heat treatments that reduce glycosides will allow the use of seeds or flour to develop harmless food and feed ingredients.

Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is an important annual medicinal plant that belongs to the Cannabaceae family. It contains 421 substances of 18 chemical types-the most significant compound is δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which causes several effects, both in the Central Nervous System and in several peripheral locations in the organism. The objectives of this scientific review are to mention the anatomical distribution, chemical characteristics and biosynthesis of cannabinoids, as well as its actions mechanisms. The endogenous cannabinoid system, the therapeutic properties of C. sativa and its action on the nociceptive control are described. Finally, the modulators of the cannabinoid system in clinical use are indicated, together with marijuana legalization benefits.

ABSTRACT. Salt stress affects crop growth and productivity. In this study, we determined the growth, yield of photosystem II (PSII), and K + and Na + concentration in root, stem, old leaves, and young leaves of two Mexican varieties of rice, Tres Ríos and Cotaxtla. In addition, the K + /Na + ratio in stem and root of both varieties was determined. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber under controlled conditions, under a completely randomized distribution, with a 2 x 2 (Variety x Salinity) factorial arrangement and 12 replications. Plants were grown in a hydroponic solution for 15 days and then some of them were treated with 100 mM NaCl; control plants (without NaCI treatment) were grown in parallel. Salt stress caused 20 and 15% reductions in stem and root length, respectively, in the variety Tres Ríos, while in the variety Cotaxtla no significant differences were observed in these variables compared to the control. Dry matter weight decreased by 24% in the variety Tres Ríos. The quantum yield of PSII decreased by 30% the third day of treatment application, in both varieties. Na + concentration was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in NaCI-treated plants. In the variety Tres Ríos, the yield of PSII was completely eradicated six days after treatment implementation, while the K+ concentration in stem and older leaves also decreased and the lowest K + / Na + ratio in stem was recorded, which could indicate that it is more susceptible to salinity than the variety Cotaxtla.

Br au l io e Dga r h e r r e r a-c a Br e r a 1, *, v ic tor m a n u e l sa l a Z a r-roJa s 1, 2 , a Dr i a na De lga Do -a lva r a Do 1 , Jorge c a m pos-con t r e r a s 2 , a nd J ua na ce rva n t e s-va rga s 1 1 colegio de postgraduados en ciencias agrícolas -campus puebla, programa de estrategias para el Desarrollo agrícola regional. km. 125.5 carr. Fed. méx.-pue. col. la libertad. puebla, pue, mexico. 2 universidad nacional autónoma de méxico -unidad de Biología, tecnología y prototipos (uBipro), Facultad de estudios superiores, iztacala. av. De los Barrios no. 1, los reyes iztacala, tlalnepantla edo. de méxico * corresponding author: braulio_edgar@hotmail.co.uk; behc@colpos.mx AbstrAct the use and conservation of Vanilla planifolia Jack. in Mexico requires comprehensive and detailed analysis of its genetic variation and of the issues that determine it. For this reason, we studied the variation in phytochemical contents that define vanilla aroma quality by HPlc (High Performance liquid chromatography) to identify genetic variation at the infraspecific level among 14 microsatellite loci and to study assessment criteria which determine the attitude of stakeholders regarding use and conservation of vanilla germplasm in the totonacapan region, Mexico. to this end we used the multi-attribute analysis method, aHP (analytic Hierarchy Process). the results showed the existence of six phytochemical groups (chemotypes) within V. planifolia germplasm, each with specific aromatic characteristics. the 14 loci analyzed were polymorphic for vanilla chemotypes with variable sizes, and genetic clustering of accessions coincided with phytochemical grouping (chemotypes). it was noted that the process of economic and cultural valuation of users has caused aromatic variation in vanilla germplasm, and this variation has been conserved at the regional level. thus, the data indicate that in the probable center of origin of vanilla there is genetic and phytochemical variation, knowledge of which is fundamental to the design of breeding programs to optimize the benefits of vanilla production for stakeholders and to contribute to the conservation of the primary gene pool of Vanilla planifolia.