As lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) become vital energy source for daily life and industry applications, a large volume of spent LIBs will be produced after their lifespan. Recycling of LIBs has been considered as an effective closed-loop solution to mitigate both environmental and economic issues associated with spent LIBs. While reclaiming of transition metal elements from LIB cathodes has been well established, recycling of graphite anodes has been overlooked. Here, we show an effect upcycling method involving both healing and doping to directly regenerate spent graphite anodes. Specifically, using boric acid pretreatment and short annealing, our regeneration process not only heals the composition/structure defects of degraded graphite but also creates functional boron-doping on the surface of graphite particles, providing high electrochemical activity and excellent cycling stability. The efficient direct regeneration of spent graphite by using low cost, non-volatile and non-caustic boric acid with low annealing temperature provides a more promising direction for green and sustainable recycling of spent LIB anodes.
Summary.We have investigated whether and how the elevated glucose concentrations characteristic of diabetes may alter the interaction of endothelial cells with low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Protracted exposure of cultured human endothelial cells to 20 mmol/1 glucose failed to affect either the relationship between the degree of confluency of the monolayer and the extent of LDL degradation or the dose-responses for LDL uptake and degradation. In contrast, non-enzymatic glycosylation of LDL by pre-incubation of LDL with glucose markedly inhibited their uptake and degradation by endothelial cells. Thus, at protein concentration of 5 txg/ml, the amount of glycosylated 125I-LDL associated with cells was decreased fourfold compared with native 125I-LDL (47 + 3 versus 194_+ 10ng. mg cell protein -1-24 h -1, mean+ SEM), and degradation was decreased twenty-fold (135+4 versus 2873+ 115 ng-mg cell protein -~. 24 h-l). The degree of inhibition was proportional to the extent of glycosylation. At all concentrations studied, methylated LDL behaved similarly to glycosylated LDL. The decreased recognition of glycosylated LDL by the endothelial lining of small and large blood vessels may have an impact on tissue physiology and on the overall fate of the glycosylated molecules.Key words: Human endothelial cells, glucose, low density lipoproteins, contact inhibition, glycosylation, methylation.Since no unique pathogenic element has yet been implicated as the link between diabetes and the accelerated atherosclerosis affecting diabetic patients of all age groups [1, 2], it seems reasonable to investigate whether and how diabetes may alter the interactions between participants in the atherogenic process: low density lipoproteins (LDL), the source of most of the cholesterol present in vascular lesions [31 and cellular elements of the vessel wall. Previous investigations addressing this question have focussed on the interactions of LDL with fibroblasts or macrophages [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Yet it is the endothelium that is in contact with the blood and first participates in LDL metabolism. Endothelial cells take up and degrade LDL through both receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms [10][11][12]. We sought to determine whether protracted elevation of ambient glucose may alter these interactions. We have thus studied LDL receptor function in human endothelial cells cultured in elevated glucose concentrations and, conversely, the consequences of increased glycosylation of LDL, known to occur in diabetic patients [7,13], on its recognition and handling by endothelial cells. Materials and methods Cell culturesPrimary endothelial cell cultures from human umbilical veins were established according to the method of Jaffe et al. [14] with slight modifications. Briefly, umbilical cords were obtained from normal or Caesarean-section full-term deliveries and stored at 4~ in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 0.15 mol/1, pH 7.4), with penicillin (500 units/ml) and streptomycin (500 I.tg/ml) until use 1-3 h later. Under sterile conditi...
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