Introduction: This paper describes the epidemiology and control of a community outbreak of novel influenza A (H1N1-2009) originating from a dance club in Singapore between June and July 2009. Materials and Methods: Cases of novel influenza A (H1N1-2009) were confirmed using in-house probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Contact tracing teams from the Singapore Ministry of Health obtained epidemiological information from all cases via telephone. Results: A total of 48 cases were identified in this outbreak, of which 36 (75%) cases were patrons and dance club staff, and 12 (25%) cases were household members and social contacts. Mathematical modelling showed that this outbreak had a reproductive number of 1.9 to 2.1, which was similar to values calculated from outbreaks in naïve populations in other countries. Conclusion: This transmission risk occurred within an enclosed space with patrons engaged in intimate social activities, suggesting that dance clubs are places conducive for the spread of the virus.
Key words: Contact tracing, Control, Epidemiology, Mathematical modelling
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a known but rare cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). It has been associated with the elderly, urological abnormalities and immunocompromised states. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of lung empyema, and is typically associated with diabetes and malignancy. Here, we report a patient who was found to have a Salmonella enteritidis bacteriuria as well as a lung empyema secondary to K. pneumoniae.
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