Exposure to indoor air pollution from household energy use depends on fuel, stove, housing characteristics, and stove use behavior. We monitored three important indoor air pollutants-respirable particles (RPM), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)-for a total of 457 household-days in four poor provinces in China (Gansu, 129 household-days; Guizhou, 127 household-days; Inner Mongolia, 65 household-days; and Shaanxi, 136 household-days), in two time intervals during the heating season to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of pollution. The two provinces where biomass is the primary fuel (Inner Mongolia and Gansu) had the highest RPM concentrations (719 microg/m3 in the single cooking/living/bedroom in Inner Mongolia in December and 351-661 microg/m3 in different rooms and months in Gansu); lower RPM concentration were observed in the primarily coal-burning provinces of Guizhou and Shaanxi (202-352 microg/m3 and 187-361 microg/m3 in different rooms and months in Guizhou and Shaanxi, respectively). Inner Mongolia and Gansu also had higher CO concentrations (7.4 ppm in the single cooking/living/bedroom in Inner Mongolia in December and 4.8-11.3 ppm in different rooms and months in Gansu). Among the two primarily coal-burning provinces, Guizhou had lower concentrations of CO than Shaanxi (1.2-1.8 ppm in Guizhou vs 2.0-13.3 ppm in different rooms and months in Shaanxi). In the two coal-burning provinces, SO2 concentrations were substantially higher in Shaanxi than in Guizhou. Relative concentrations in different rooms and provinces indicate that in the northern provinces heating is an important source of exposure to indoor pollutants from energy use. Day-to-day variability of concentrations within individual households, although substantial, was smaller than variation across households. The implications of the findings for designing environmental health interventions in each province are discussed.

Most previous studies on indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels have used either indirect proxies for human exposure or measurements of individual pollutants at a single point, as indicators of (exposure to) the mixture of pollutants in solid fuel smoke. A heterogeneous relationship among pollutant-location pairs should be expected because specific fuel-stove technology and combustion and dispersion conditions such as temperature, moisture, and air flow are likely to affect the emissions and dispersion of the various pollutants differently. We report on a study for monitoring multiple pollutants--including respirable particles (RPM), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, fluoride, and arsenic--at four points inside homes that used coal and/or biomass fuels in Guizhou and Shaanxi provinces of China. All pollutants exhibited large variability in emissions and spatial dispersion within and between provinces and were generally poorly correlated. RPM, followed by SO2, was generally higher than common health-based guidelines/standards and provided sufficient resolution for assessing variations within and between households in both provinces. Indoor heating played an important role in the level and spatial patterns of pollution inside homes, possibly to an extent more important than cooking. The findings indicate the need for monitoring of RPM and selected other pollutants in longer-term health studies, with focus on both cooking and living/sleeping areas.

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Under the static condition, researching zeolite 4A to the chromium ion's adsorption characteristic, discussing the influence of different adsorption factors. The results indicated that: When the wastewater temperature was 30°C, at pH 3-4,adsorbed 30min,dosing 3g/L of zeolite 4A adsorption chromic wastewater(100mg/L), the chromium ion elimination rate may reached above 99%. At the same time, the zeolite 4A conforms to Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherm to the chromium ion's adsorption, the correlation coefficient respectively was 0.9997 and 0.9753, obtained the zeolite 4A to the chromium ion saturated adsorptive capacity was 50.25mg/L.Obviously, zeolite 4A as a new inorganic ions exchange material for the treatment of chromic wastewater, has the broad prospects for development.

In the static conditions, experiments were carried out to study the purification ability of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes from varying concentrations of landfill leachate. The results show that Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes were poisoned to death completely in high concentration of landfill leachate (COD more than 1200.0 mg•L-1) and survived in medium concentration of landfill leachate (COD 560.0 mg•L-1-860.0 mg•L-1). In low concentration of landfill leachate (COD less than 660.0 mg•L-1), the plants grew properly and purified landfill leachate effectively. After 24 days, the COD, TP and NH 3-N attained national standard of "Pollution control standard for life rubbish landfill (GB16889-2008)".