Aldo-keto reductase family 1B10 (AKR1B10) exhibits more restricted lipid substrate specificity (including farnesal, geranylgeranial, retinal and carbonyls), a n d metabolizing these lipid substrates plays a crucial role in promoting carcinogenesis. Overexpression of AKR1B10 has been identified in smoking-related carcinomas such as lung cancer. As development of pancreatic cancer is firmly linked to smoking, the aim of the present study was to examine the expression and oncogenic role of AKR1B10 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. AKR1B10 expression was analyzed in 50 paraffin-embedded clinical pancreatic cancer samples using immunohistochemistry. Oncogenic function of AKR1B10 was examined in pancreatic carcinoma cells in vitro using western blotting and siRNA approaches, mainly on cell apoptosis and protein prenylation including KRAS protein and its downstream signals. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that AKR1B10 over-expressed in 70% (35/50) of pancreatic adenocarcinomas and majority of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, but not in adjacent morphologically normal pancreatic tissue. Compared to a normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cell (HPDE6E7), all of six cultured pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines had a over-expression of AKR1B10 using immunoblotting, which correlated with increase of enzyme activity. siRNA-mediated silencing of AKR1B10 expression in pancreatic cancer cells resulted in 1) increased cell apoptosis, 2) increased non-farnesyled HDJ2 protein, and 3) decreased membrane-bound prenylated KRAS protein and its downstream signaling molecules including phosphorylated ERK and MEK and membrane-bound E-cadherin. Our findings provide first time evidence of that AKR1B10 is a unique enzyme involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis possibly via modulation of cell apoptosis and protein prenylation.
The mechanism of HBV intra-uterine infection may be due to that HBV breaches the placental barrier and infects the fetus.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common highly aggressive malignant tumors worldwide. AKR1B10 was first isolated from HCC and further identified to be over-expressed in many cancers from various organs. AKR1B10 contributes to detoxification of xenobiotics by lipid peroxidation and metabolizes physiological substrates such as farnesal, retinal and carbonyls. Metabolizing these lipid substrates plays a crucial role in promoting carcinogenesis. In the present study, immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the prevalence/pattern of AKR1B10 expression in HCC, and its usefulness to differentiate benign liver lesions from HCC. Oncogenic function of AKR1B10 was examined in hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro using western blotting and shRNA knockdown approaches, with emphasis on cell apoptosis and response to chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed AKR1B10 was over-expressed in 97% (86/89) of hepatocellular carcinomas, with minimal to no expression in adjacent hepatic tissue, while hepatic adenomas and focal nodular hyperplasia did not exhibit expression of AKR1B10. shRNA-mediated silencing of AKR1B10 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells resulted in 1) increased cell apoptosis, 2) decreased colony formation and size, and 3) enhanced cytoreductive response following exposure to doxorubicin chemotherapy. Our findings provide first time evidence that AKR1B10 is a unique biomarker involved in hepatocellular carcinogenesis via modulation of proliferation, cell apoptosis and chemoresistance, and is a potential promising biomarker to differentiate HCCs from benign hepatic lesions.
BackgroundIn this study, a combination of recombinant adenoviral p53 (rAd-p53) gene therapy and intra-arterial delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma was evaluated.MethodsIn total, 99 patients with stage III or IV oral carcinoma who had refused or were ineligible for surgery were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase III clinical trial. They were randomly assigned to group I (n = 35; intra-arterial infusion of rAd-p53 plus chemotherapy), group II (n = 33; intra-arterial infusion of rAd-p53 plus placebo chemotherapy), or group III (n = 31; intra-arterial infusion of placebo rAd-p53 plus chemotherapy).ResultsThe median length of follow-up was 36 months (range, 3 to 86 months). During follow-up, 16 patients in group I, 20 in group II, and 22 in group III died. Group I (48.5%) had a higher complete response rate than groups II (16.7%) and III (17.2%) (P = 0.006). The rate of non-responders in group I was significantly lower than that in groups II and III (P < 0.020). A log-rank test for survival rate indicated that group I had a significantly higher survival rate than group III (P = 0.019). The survival rate of patients with stage III but not stage IV oral cancer was significantly higher in group I than in group III (P = 0.015, P = 0.200, respectively). The survival rate of patients with stage IV did not differ significantly among the three groups. Or the 99 patients, 63 patients experienced adverse events of either transient flu-like symptoms or bone marrow suppression, while 13 patients had both these conditions together. No replication-deficient virus was detected in patient serum, urine, or sputum. rAd-p53 treatment increased Bax expression in the primary tumor of 80% of patients, as shown by immunohistochemical staining.ConclusionsIntra-arterial infusion of combined rAd-p53 and chemotherapy significantly increased the survival rate of patients with stage III but not stage IV oral cancer, compared with intra-arterial chemotherapy. Intra-arterial infusion of combined rAd-p53 and chemotherapy may represent a promising alternative treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma.Trial registrationChiCTR-TRC-09000392 (Date of registration: 2009-05-18).
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