Bioremediation is a biological mechanism of recycling wastes in to another form that can used and reused by other organisms. Nowadays, the world is facing the problem of different environmental pollution. Microorganisms are essential for a key alternative solution to overcome challenges. Microorganisms are survive in all place on the biosphere because of their metabolic activity is astonishing; then come into existence in all over range of environmental conditions. The nutritional capacity of microorganisms is completely varied, so it is used as bioremediation of environmental pollutants. Bioremediation is highly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxifi cation diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of microorganisms. The main principle is degrading and transforming pollutants such as hydrocarbons, oil, heavy metal, pesticides, dye's and so on. That is carried out in enzymatic way through metabolizing, so it have grate contribution role to solve many environmental problems There are two types of factors these are biotic and abiotic conditions are determine rate of degradation. Currently, different methods and strategies are applied in the area in different part of the world. For example, biostimulation, bioaugementation, bioventing, biopiles and bioattenuation are common one. All bioremediation techniques it has its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specifi c application.
Abstract:Recharge patterns, possible flow paths and the relative age of groundwater in the Akaki catchment in central Ethiopia have been investigated using stable environmental isotopes υ 18 O and υ 2 H and radioactive tritium ( 3 H) coupled with conservative chloride measurements. Stable isotopic signatures are encoded in the groundwater solely from summer rainfall. Thus, groundwater recharge occurs predominantly in the summer months from late June to early September during the major Ethiopian rainy season. Winter recharge is lost through high evaporation-evapotranspiration within the unsaturated zone after relatively long dry periods of high accumulated soil moisture deficits. Chloride mass balance coupled with the isotope results demonstrates the presence of both preferential and piston flow groundwater recharge mechanisms. The stable and radioactive isotope measurements further revealed that groundwater in the Akaki catchment is found to be compartmentalized into zones. Groundwater mixing following the flow paths and topography is complicated by the lithologic complexity. An uncommon, highly depleted stable isotope and zero-3 H groundwater, observed in a nearly east-west stretch through the central sector of the catchment, is coincident with the Filwoha Fault zone. Here, deep circulating meteoric water has lost its isotopic content through exchange reactions with CO 2 originating at deeper sources or it has been recharged with precipitation from a different rainfall regime with a depleted isotopic content.
Teff (Eragrostis tef) supports more than 60-75% of Ethiopia's population as staple and co-staple food. Interest in teff has increased noticeably due to its very attractive nutritional profile and gluten-free nature of the grain. Teff farming practice varies in different growing areas. Study objective was to assess and document farmer's traditional knowledge of teff farming and utilization practice. Data was collected using structured, semi-structured questionnaire from 172 listed elder informants. Teff farming steps and farming area preparation, cultivated teff variety, the role of crop rotation, type of agroforestry, traditional threshing, type of crop used for rotations, role of microbes in soil fertility, farming equipment, storage and piling practice were described. Among the respondents 91.86% were male and 8.14% female. Teff variety currently cultivated by many farmers are Magna,
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