No abstract

There is evidence that gonadal hormones may affect the perception of painful stimulation, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether the adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) receptor subunit, P2X 3 , is involved in the modulatory action of estrogen in peripheral pain signal transduction in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The mechanical pain behavior test, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, and Western blot methods were used to determine the mean relative concentrations and functions of P2X 3 receptors in DRG in sham, ovariectomized (OVX), and estradiol replacement (OVX+E 2 ) female rats and in sham and orchiectomized male rats. The mechanical hyperalgesia appeared after ovariectomy, which was subsequently reversed after estradiol replacement, whereas it was not observed after orchiectomy in male rats. Plantar injection of 2′(3′)-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) ATP (TNP-ATP), a P2X 3 and P2X 2/3 receptor antagonist, resulted in an increase of the pain threshold force in OVX rats while had no effect on sham rats. Furthermore, A-317491, a selective P2X 3 /P2X 2/3 receptor antagonist, significantly reversed the hyperalgesia of OVX rats. Injection of ATP into the plantars also caused a significant increase of the paw withdrawal duration in OVX rats compared with that seen in the sham group, which became substantially attenuated by TNP-ATP. P2X 3 receptors expressed in DRG were significantly increased in both mRNA and protein levels after ovariectomy and then reversed after estrogen replacement, while a similar increase was not observed after orchiectomy in male rats. Furthermore, P2X 3 mRNA was significantly decreased 24 h after the application of 17β-estradiol in a concentrationdependent manner in cultured DRG neurons. ICI 182,780, an estrogen receptor antagonist, blocked the reduction in the protein level. These results suggest that the female gonadal hormone, 17β-estradiol, might participate in the control of peripheral pain signal transduction by modulating P2X 3 receptor-mediated events in primary sensory neurons, probably through genomic mechanisms.

E2 increases CSE expression and endogenous H2S generation in the myocardium. The effects of E2 are associated with decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory status. Our data suggest that estrogens might exert cardioprotective effects through up-regulation of CSE expression and H2S generation.