Neoplasms of diverse cellular origin arise in the oral cavity and among these oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arising from the mucosa of the oral cavity constitutes to over 90% 1, 2. Oral cancer encompasses all the malignancies originating in the oral tissues, including cancers of the lip, tongue, gingiva, floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa, palate and the retromolar trigone. It is the 6 th most common cancer worldwide 3. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is described as an invasive epithelial neoplasm with varying degrees of squamous differentiation and a propensity to early and extensive lymph node metastases, occurring predominantly in alcohol and tobacco using adults generally in the 5 th and 6 th decades of life. Globally about 5, 00,000 new cases of oral and oropharyngeal cancers are diagnosed and three quarters of these are from the developing world 7, 8, 9. Approximately 3, 89,650 cases occurred in the year 2000 out of which 2, 66,672 were in the oral cavity (ICD-9 140-5) and 1, 22,978 for the cancer of oropharynx (ICD-9 146, 8-9). This represented about 5% of all cancers for men and 2% for women 10. Oral and oropharyngeal cancers remain one of the more common cancers in the South and South East Asian countries, as opposed to Western society, where it accounts for only about 1-4% of the of reported cancers incidence 4. For example, the incidence of oral cancer in India is high, constituting about 12% of all cancer in men and 8% in women 5 ; mortality rate is equally high in this population, ranking number one in men and number three in women 6. Oral and oropharyngeal cancers therefore qualify as major public health problem, not only in India, but also globally. Worldwide, oral cancer incidence rates appear to have been stabilizing over the last decade 12 , but the greater frequency of oral cancer in certain regions and among specific populations is a cause for concern since their overall 5-year survival rate is 53% and it has not changed in the last two decades 13. With this heightened awareness, research to further investigate the detection, diagnosis and prevention or oral cancer has recently been included as one of the targeted priorities supported by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDR) in the United States 14. The overall 5-year survival rate for patients without clinically evident cervical lymph node metastases is 85%. However, patients with microscopic lymph node metastases have a survival rate of 54%. It has been estimated that 20-50% of patients without clinically evident cervical lymph node metastases do in fact have microscopic metastases and therefore poorer www.intechopen.com Oral Cancer 48 prognosis 87. Among the Indian population, the overall 5-year observed and relative survival rates were 30.5% and 39.7%, respectively. Survival steadily declined with advancing age and advanced clinical stages. 5-year observed survival was 59.1% for localized cancer, 15.7% for cancers with regional extension and 1.6% for those with distant metastasis. Those with tongue, buccal mu...
Introduction: Gender determination is important for identification in forensic practice. Odontometrics plays an important role in sex determination in young individuals where secondary sexual characters are yet to be developed. Objective: The objective was to re-evaluate the previous finding of the sexual dimorphism in Mesiodistal (MD) and Buccolingual (BL) dimension of maxillary and mandibular canine in the study population being Medical Students of Medical College in province 4 of Nepal. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study conducted on the study cast of 40 male and 40 female medical students of academic year 2017/18 of Gandaki Medical College, Nepal, of age group 18-24 from October to December 2017. The MD and BL dimensions of all the four canines were measured using digital vernier's caliper. Data were compared using descriptive statistics, student's t-test and paired sample t test. P<0.05 was found statistically significant. Results: Statistically significant sexual dimorphism was found in MD and BL dimension of maxillary and mandibular canine with males' canine measuring larger than females'. The left mandibular canine was found to be the most dimorphic in term of BL dimension among the canines. Conclusion: The present study exhibited the buccolingual dimension of the left mandibular canine as the most dimorphic tooth. Further studies using large representative sample from all the provinces has to be conducted to quantify and generalize the result among the Nepalese Dentition.
Background: Oral biopsy procedures are rarely practiced by dental surgeons around the world though they should be able to perform the biopsies for the diagnosis of oral lesions. Our objective was to access the knowledge, attitude and practice of oral biopsy procedures among the dental surgeons who are members of Nepal Dental Association.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to March 2019, among the dental surgeons who were registered in Nepal Dental Association till September 2018. A standard pretested questionnaire was prepared using Google forms, was emailed to 374 dental surgeons. Two reminder emails were sent at an interval of 1 month. The non-responding dental surgeons who were reachable through mobile number (N=274) were contacted after the third 3rd email. Out of 274, 10 dental surgeons had completed postgraduation, so 264 of them were included in the study. A reminder call was made after one week. The data was entered in SPSS version 20 software and analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: There were 160 responses to the emails after the conversation through mobile phone. The response rate was 60.6% with the predominance of female responders (66.9%). Though the majority of dental surgeons (96.2%) had encountered one or the other lesions requiring biopsy, only few of them (7.5%) had performed the biopsy which was mainly due to lack experience and skill (75.6%).Conclusions: Most of the dental surgeon are not comfortable performing biopsy with majority seem to lack expereice and skill. There is need to organize training to Dental Surgeons to enhance their practical skills. Keywords: Dental surgeon; lesion; oral biopsy
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a rare benign neoplasm of epithelial origin. AOT occurs mainly in the second decade of life, and the most common location is anterior maxilla. It rarely aff ects the mandible. Most of the AOTs may be located intraosseously but few have been reported to occur within gingival structures. AOTs located intraosseously may be seen associated with unerupted tooth (follicular variant) or may not (extra-follicular variant) be associated with unerupted tooth. Here, we report a rare case of presumably follicular variant of AOT associated with mandibular canine that presented as an extra-follicular variant leading to root dilaceration of the mandibular canine after eruption of the tooth.
Background: The effectiveness of online classes is always a concern, and it can be overcome by opting for active learning strategies like team-based learning (TBL). This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of online TBL as an active learning strategy. We also aimed to explore the satisfaction and perception of students toward TBL. Methods: This is a mixed-method study conducted among 29 third-year Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) students of Gandaki Medical College using purposive sampling method in the duration of January to September 2021. Three two hours online TBL sessions were used for teaching introduction to medical ethics. The individual readiness assurance test (IRAT) scores were compared to the group readiness assurance test (GRAT) scores to evaluate the effect of TBL through cooperative learning. Learner reactions and satisfaction of students towards TBL were assessed using a validated questionnaire comprising of a five-point Likert scale. An open-ended question asking the participants to describe their overall experience of the TBL sessions was also included to explore their perceptions towards TBL. The data were collected using Google form and exported to Microsoft Excel and the quantitative data were then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. To check the normal distribution of the data, Kolmogorov Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test were used. Non-parametric tests were used for the non-normally distributed data. P value of < 0.05 was regarded as significant. Thematic analysis was conducted for the qualitative data. Results: The median GRAT scores were significantly higher (p = 0.006 in TBL 1 and 0.001 in TBL 2) than IRAT scores. Learner reactions toward TBL sessions were positive as shown by the mean scores which were in the range of 3.59 to 4.66. Five themes were generated from the codes: “effective learning method”, “positive experience”, “gained knowledge”, “expression of gratitude” and “the way of conduction of the sessions”. Conclusion: Online TBL in medical ethics was effective as a teaching learning tool in our setting. The students were satisfied with the learning process and rated the learning strategy positively.
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