Objectives Cervical cancer is the most common malignancy among Nepalese women. Rational prevention measures are informed by epidemiological data on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence. Methods Cervical specimens were obtained from 932 married women aged 15-59 years from the general population of Bharatpur, Nepal, as well as from 61 locally diagnosed invasive cervical cancers (ICC). HPV was detected using a GP5?/6? PCR-based assay. Results Among the general population, the overall prevalence of HPV was 8.6% (6.1% for high-risk types). Prevalence of abnormal Pap smears was 3.6%, including five high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Residence in slum housing, lower education level, C3 sexual partners in a woman's lifetime, and husband's extramarital affairs were significantly associated with HPV positivity. HPV prevalence was relatively constant across all age groups. HPV16 was the most common type, both among the general population (1.9%) and among 54 women with HPVpositive ICC (68.5%). HPV18 (22.2%) and 45 (5.6%) were also common in ICC. Conclusions Nepal has an intermediate burden of HPV infection, lower than many areas in India and China. Approximately 80% of cervical cancer in Nepal is theoretically preventable by HPV16/18 vaccines. In the meantime, screen-and-treat approaches should be encouraged to overcome difficulties that were encountered to recall women with screening-positive findings.
Cervical cancer is the most common form of cancer among women in developing countries. Hospital based data in Nepal also showed cervical cancer is most commonly occurring cancer among women in Nepal. Pap smear is the very significant screening test for reduction of incidence and mortality from cervical cancer but many developing countries failed to obtain high coverage of target population. Hence failed to achieve major impact of cervical cancer screening. National guidelines for cervical cancer and prevention in Nepal is formulated in 2010 and set target population age range of 30-60 with 50% coverage of target population with in a five years span. This study was aimed to elicit baseline survey of cervical cancer screening in a locale where resource for cervical cancer screening is easily available. Population based cross sectional study was done from October 2006 to March 2007. 1547 ever married women aged 16–59 were selected with cluster randomization procedure from Bharatpur municipalities, where BPKMCH (BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital) is located. Free cervical cancer screening was conducted in collaboration with International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) France and BPKMCH. Ethical clearance was obtained from Nepal Health Research council. Interviews were performed using a standard questionnaire to elicit required information. Out of 1033 participants 394 were 16-29 years old. Among them 117 (30%) had at least one Pap test prior coming to the clinic. 16(4%) were age 16-19, 42(11%) were age 20-24 and 59 (15%) were age 25-29. This concludes Present opportunistic cervical cancer screening in Bharatpur is directed towards screening significant proportion of women with less risk.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i4.11994Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health SciencesVol. 1, Issue 4, 2015page : 3-8
Introduction: During a week-long orientation program at KIST Medical College newly joined first year undergraduate medical (MBBS) students are introduced to the institution, to teaching-learning activities, to the MBBS curriculum and to faculty members. The program has been conducted previously for three batches of students but feedback has not been obtained. Hence the study was conducted to study knowledge and attitude scores of students before and after the orientation program among the newly joined fourth batch of students, and note student perception about the effectiveness of different sessions. Method: A questionnaire administered at the end of the program measured knowledge and attitudes of students about selected subject areas before and after the program. Students were asked to indicate their present level of knowledge and attitude and also indicate their levels at the beginning of the program. The median knowledge and attitudes scores were calculated and compared among male and female respondents. The median scores before and after the module was compared using appropriate nonparametric tests (p <0.05). The effectiveness of different lecture sessions was also studied. Result: Sixty-three of the 72 students (87.5%) participated in the study. Forty students (63.5%) were male, 21 (33.3%) were female and two did not mention their gender. The median knowledge and attitudes scores significantly increased after the program. The effectiveness score was 3 for most sessions expect a few where the score was 4. Conclusion: The knowledge and attitude scores in different subject areas improved after the module. The program was perceived by students to be effective. Orientation program for first year undergraduate medical students: knowledge, attitudes and perceptions
As data and metadata from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic mature, the true impact on non-cancer, non-emergency surgical practice is becoming apparent. The authors present data on the impact of gallstone disease in their unit during 5 months of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 to August 2020) compared with the equivalent period in 2019. Although the total number of patients presenting with gallstone disease was comparable, there was a decrease in patients with cholecystitis and perforation (although it is possibly too early for these to have presented), and there was a small but worrying increase in patients with gallstone pancreatitis. With the recent increase in alert level to 4 and increased government restrictions in an attempt to avoid a second national lockdown, a consistent national approach is required to mitigate these risks.
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive disorder. In patients with this syndrome, testicular tumors, especially seminoma, may develop after puberty. Gonadal malignancies like sertoli cell tumor, yolk sac tumor; embryonic teratoma and unclassified sex cord stromal tumor are rare in these patients. We present here, a case of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome with sertoli cell adenoma in a 25 years old patient who presented to us with history of primary amenorrhoea and bilateral inguinal swellings and was managed with bilateral gonadectomy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njr.v1i1.6327 Nepalese Journal of Radiology Vol.1(1): 61-64
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