Objective To assess the incidence and risk factors for hyperglycemia in pregnancy in a cohort of Brazilian nulliparous pregnant women. Materials and methods This is a secondary analysis of a multicenter cohort study that enrolled 1,008 nulliparous pregnant women at 19-21 weeks. Exclusion criteria included chronic exposure to corticosteroids and previous diabetes. Bivariate and multivariate analyses by Poisson regression were used to identify associated factors. Results The incidence of hyperglycemia in pregnancy was 14.9% (150/1,008), and 94.7% of these cases were gestational diabetes mellitus (142/150). Significant associated factors included a family history of diabetes mellitus, maternal overweight or obesity at enrollment, and previous maternal conditions (polycystic ovarian syndrome, thyroid dysfunctions and hypertensive disorders). A BMI � 26.3Kg/m 2 (RR adj 1.87 [1.66-2.10]) and a family history of diabetes mellitus (RR adj 1.71 [1.37-2.15]) at enrollment were independent risk factors for HIP. Conclusions A family history of diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity (until 19-21 weeks of gestation) may be used as selective markers for HIP in Brazilian nulliparous women. Given the

Background: While sufficient evidence supporting universal screening is not available, it is justifiable to look for specific risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP). The objective of this study is to identify independent risk factors for HIP and its adverse perinatal outcomes in a Brazilian public referral center. Methods: We included 569 singleton pregnant women who were split into three groups by glucose status: GDM (n = 207), mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH; n = 133), and control (n = 229). Women who used corticosteroids or had a history of DM were excluded. HIP comprised both GDM and MGH, diagnosed by a 100 g-or 75 g-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a glucose profile at 24-28 weeks. Maternal characteristics were tested for their ability to predict HIP and its outcomes. Bivariate analysis (RR; 95% CI) was used to identify potential associations. Logistic regression (RR adj ; 95% CI) was used to confirm the independent risk factors for HIP and its perinatal outcomes (p < 0.05). Results: Age ≥ 25 years [1.83, 1.12-2.99], prepregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 [2.88, 1.89-4.39], family history of DM [2.12, 1.42-3.17] and multiparity [2.07, 1.27-3.37] were independent risk factors for HIP. Family history of DM [169, 1.16-2.16] and hypertension [2.00, 1.36-2.98] were independent risk factors for C-section. HbA1c ≥ 6.0% at birth was an independent risk factor for LGA [1.99, 1.05-3.80], macrosomia [2.43, 1.27-4.63], and birthweight Z-score > 2.0 [4.17, 1.57-11.10]. Conclusions: MGH presents adverse pregnancy outcomes similar to those observed in the GDM group but distinct from those observed in the control (no diabetes) group. In our cohort, age ≥ 25 years, prepregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 , family history of DM, and multiparity were independent risk factors for HIP, supporting the use of selective screening for this condition. These results should be validated in populations with similar characteristics in Brazil or other lowand middle-income countries.

Objective: to understand the satisfaction of pregnant women with diabetes who took insulin during pregnancy and prenatal care performed through outpatient and inpatient follow-up. Method: a qualitative approach with analysis of 30 pregnant women who underwent prenatal care and participated in a clinical trial study carried out by the research The data were collected through interviews and analyzed from content analysis. Results: from the category Satisfaction, the following subcategories emerged: facilities and difficulties faced in prenatal care performed through outpatient or inpatient follow-up, demonstrating that the pregnant women were satisfied with the prenatal care offered regardless of the type of followup. Conclusion: there was satisfaction in both care, but in outpatient care some structural, technical and administrative difficulties were identified, requiring reassessment, in order to guarantee service agility. RESUMOObjetivo: compreender a satisfação das gestantes portadoras de diabetes que utilizaram insulina no período gestacional durante a assistência pré-natal realizada por acompanhamento ambulatorial e hospitalar. Método: abordagem qualitativa, com análise de 30 gestantes que faziam acompanhamento pré-natal e participaram de um estudo de ensaio clínico realizado pelo grupo de pesquisa do Centro de Investigação do Diabetes Perinatal do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista, e analisados a partir da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: da categoria Satisfação, constituiu-se a subcategoria: facilidades e dificuldades encontradas com a assistência pré-natal realizada por acompanhamento ambulatorial ou hospitalar demonstrando que as gestantes ficaram satisfeitas com a assistência pré-natal oferecida, independentemente do tipo de acompanhamento. Conclusão: houve satisfação em ambos os atendimentos, porém, no atendimento ambulatorial, dificuldades de ordem estrutural, técnica e administrativa foram identificadas, necessitando de reavaliação, a fim de garantir agilidade do serviço. RESUMENObjetivo: comprender la satisfacción de las gestantes portadoras de diabetes que utilizaron insulina en el período gestacional, durante la asistencia prenatal realizada por acompañamiento ambulatorial y hospitalario. Método: abordaje cualitativo, con análisis de 30 gestantes que realizaban seguimiento prenatal y participar en un estudio de ensayo clínico realizado por el grupo de investigación fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas y analizados a partir del análisis de contenido. Resultados: de la categoría Satisfacción, se constituyen las subcategorías: facilidades y dificultades encontradas con la asistencia prenatal realizada por acompañamiento ambulatorial o hospitalario, demostrando que las gestantes quedaron satisfechas con la asistencia prenatal ofrecida, independientemente del tipo de seguimiento. Conclusión: hubo satisfacción en ambos atendimientos, pero en la atención ambulatoria algunas dificultades de orden estructural, técnico y admini...

The aim was to assess the role of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) diagnostic markers, recommended by three different guidelines, in the prediction of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. This cross-sectional cohort study included 506 non-diabetic women, with a singleton pregnancy, who underwent a diagnostic test for hyperglycemia at 24–28 weeks. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were obtained. The relationship between MetS markers and the risk of hyperglycemia was evaluated by backward stepwise logistic regression analysis (OR, 95% CI). The limit of statistical significance was 95% (p < 0.05). Triglycerides (TG) ≥ 150 mg/dL, blood pressure (BP) ≥ 130/85 mmHg, fasting glucose (FG) ≥ 100 mg/dL, and waist circumference (WC) > 88 cm were identified as independent risk factors for hyperglycemia in pregnancy. These results might help the selective screening of hyperglycemia in pregnancy.

Background Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) has been recently differentiated between diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The proposed protocol is relevant, and clinical concern is due to the higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO) and long-term effects on both the mother and the fetus. Fasting plasma glucose level (FPG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are current diagnostic tools. However, controversy persists concerning diagnostic criteria, cut-off points, and even selective or universal screening. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the performance of metabolomic markers in the prediction of HIP. Methods This is a protocol for a systematic review with potential meta-analysis. The primary outcome is GDM, defined as glucose intolerance identified in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (any FPG ≥ 92 mg/dL and < 126 mg/dL OR when 75-g OGTT shows one altered value among these: FPG ≥ 92 mg/dL or 1-h post glucose load ≥ 180 mg/dL or 2-h post glucose load ≥ 153 mg/dL); the secondary outcome is HIP, defined as hyperglycemia detected in the first trimester of pregnancy (any FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL). A detailed systematic literature search will be carried out in electronic databases and conference abstracts, using the keywords “gestational diabetes mellitus,” “metabolomics,” “pregnancy,” and “screening” (and their variations). We will include original peer-reviewed articles published from Jan 1, 1999, to Dec 31, 2018. Original studies including diabetes diagnosed before pregnancy (T2DM and T1DM), multiple pregnancies, and congenital malformations will be excluded. All results regarding samples, participant characteristics, metabolomic techniques, and diagnostic accuracy measures will be retrieved and analyzed. Since this is a systematic review, no ethical approval is necessary. Discussion This systematic review may have the potential to provide significant evidence-based findings on the prediction performance of metabolomics. There are short and long-term repercussions for the mother and the newborn. Therefore, both may benefit from an accurate prediction technique for HIP. Systematic review registration This protocol was registered in the PROSPERO platform under number CRD42018100175 . Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13643-019-1129-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.