Validation work on the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; B. J. Vandiver et al., 2000) is described in 2 studies using African American college students. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis supported the presence of 6 CRIS subscales. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a 2-factor higher order model of the 6 CRIS subscales and the nigrescence model. Correlational analyses between the CRIS and the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (R. M. Sellers, M. A. Smith, J. N. Shelton, S. A. J. Rowley, & T. M. Chavous, 1998). supported the convergent validity of the CRIS. CRIS subscale scores were not meaningfully linked to social desirability or personality traits but were differentially linked to self-esteem. Identity Orientation and Self-Esteem In the original nigrescence theory (Cross, 1971), racial preference was believed (a) to be a part of a Black person's personal identity and (b) to affect the person's mental health functioning. If Blacks accepted being Black, then they were assumed to be psychologically healthy and to have high self-esteem. In contrast, Blacks who accepted the values of White society were believed to suffer from self-hatred and, as a result, low self-esteem. In the revised nigrescence theory, personal identity and group identity, or reference group orientation, are clearly delineated, as are their hypothesized relationships with self-esteem. On the basis of the review of the racial preference literature, Cross (1991) posited that self-concept is composed of two com

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This article describes the theoretical and empirical evolution of the revised Cross nigrescence identity model (W. E. Cross, 1991) in the context of developing a new multidimensional measure, the Cross Racial Identity Scale (Vandiver et al., 2000). The research resulted in an expanded nigrescence model (W. E. Cross & B. J. Vandiver, 2001), and preliminary factor analytic strategies support the existence of 6 subscales. Este artículo describe la evolución teoretica y empirica de el modelo indentidad de nigrescence creado y revisado por W. E. Cross (1991) en el contexto de la creación de una nueva escala miltidimensional, la Escala de Identidad Racial Cross (B. J. Vandiver et al., 2000). La investigación resultó en un modelo de nigrescence extendido (W. E. Cross & B. J. Vandiver, 2001), y las estrategias factor analíticas preliminarias sustentan la existencia de 6 sub‐escalas.

This article raises a number of critical questions for scale development and theorizing in the field of Black racial identity. In particular, the authors suggest that research on Black racial identity would benefit from longitudinal studies and the examination of the existence of overarching racial identity constructs.Este articulo plantea varias preguntas criticas sobre el desarrollo de escalas y teorias en el campo de la ldentidad Racial Negra. En lo particular, 10s autores sugieren que investigaciones basadas en la ldentidad Racial Negra se beneficiarian con estudios longitudinales y la examinaci6n de la existencia de conceptos expansivos sobre la identidad racial.igrescence theory (Cross, 1971) has played a major role in the conceptualization of African Americans' racial identity for the last three N decades. Cross's original model has been used as the basis for a number of theoretical explications (Helms, 1990b;Parham, 1989) as well as empirical studies in the field (Crossrevised the nigrescence theory. In this revision, perhaps the most compelling idea was the proposal of multiple identity clusters at each stage. The revised theory provided the impetus for the development of the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS;Vandiver et al., 2000), which, in turn, has provided support for the existence of multiple nigrescence identities. In this article, we provide a brief update on the CRIS, discuss some of the theoretical and measurement issues that arose during its development, and make some suggestions for future research. (Reader's Note: The authors of this article are also three of the authors of the CRIS.) the nig-resc.ence r n d e b x d the CRTS At the end of Phase 4, described in this special issue of the Journal OfMulticultural Counseling and Development (J'MCD; see Vandiver,

In this study we investigated gender role attitudes, religion, and spirituality as predictors of beliefs about violence against women in a sample of 316 White college students. Results indicated that gender role attitudes were the best overall predictor of domestic violence beliefs. Spirituality also contributed to the models for men and women. Implications and intervention strategies to address dating violence among college students are discussed.