International audienceThe formation of a passivation film (solid electrolyte interphase, SEI) at the surface of the negative electrode of full LiCoO2/graphite lithium-ion cells using LiPF6 (1M) in carbonate solvents as electrolyte was investigated by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The analyses were carried out at different potentials of the first and the fifth cycles, showing the potentialdependent character of the surface-film species formation. These species were mainly identified as Li2CO3 up to 3.8 V and LiF up to 4.2 V. This study shows the formation of the SEI during charging and its partial dissolution during discharge. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The genetic parameters of digestibilities for a wheat-based diet were estimated on 864 broilers. Two divergent lines (D+ and D-) were developed based on AMEn. The Rialto wheat variety was used as it is known to result in low digestibility values. Digestibility of lipids (DL), starch (DS), and proteins (DP) were measured individually using Near Infrared (NIR) analysis of freeze-dried excreta. Body weight, feed consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and residual feed consumption (RES) were recorded to evaluate their correlation with AMEn. The mean AMEn value was 3,093 kcal/kg DM (CV = 9.0%), with a range of 1,001 to 4,022 kcal/kg DM, and was highly heritable (0.36 to 0.38) based on the Restricted Maximum Likelihood method. Genetic correlations with BW were low (-0.10 to -0.15). Selection for AMEn can thus be performed without modifying BW. In contrast, the estimated genetic correlations between AMEn and the other traits were highly negative (-0.53 to -0.60 for FC, -0.77 to -0.80 for RES, and -0.77 to -0.84 for FCR). Finally, digestibilities of feed components were moderately to highly heritable (0.33 to 0.47) and highly correlated with AMEn (0.91 for DL, 0.83 for DS, and 0.86 for DP). Selecting for improved AMEn should thus improve digestibility of proteins, starch, and lipids. The first generation of divergent selection on AMEn confirmed these results, D+ and D- lines showing a 13% difference in AMEn (P < 0.0001) and similar BW.
Until recently, information-flow analysis has been used primarily to verify that information transmission between program variables cannot violate security requirements. Here, the notion of information flow is explored as an aid to program development and validation. Information-flow relations are presented for while-programs, which identify those program statements whose execution may cause information to be transmitted from or to particular input, internal, or output values. It is shown with examples how these flow relations can be helpful in writing, testing, and updating programs; they also usefully extend the class of errors which can be detected automatically in the “static analysis” of a program.
The effect of chronic heat exposure on feed digestibility of broilers was investigated. Eighty 4-wk-old male chickens were brooded in individual battery cages in two controlled-environment rooms at a constant ambient temperature (22 or 32 C) until 6 wk of age. They were equally distributed into three treatments: 22 C, ad libitum feed consumption (22AL); 32 C, ad libitum feed consumption (32AL), and 22 C, pair-feeding on the daily feed intake of heat-exposed chickens (22PF). Broilers were fed either a standard corn-soybean meal diet (control diet) or a practical seasonal diet containing several ingredients including wheat, spring pea, and animal fat (summer diet). Digestibility of energy, dry matter, protein, fat, starch, and nitrogen, and total mineral balances were measured between 38 and 42 d of age. Apparent metabolizable energy content of summer diet was significantly decreased in 32AL compared to 22AL, whereas AME of the control diet did not change. Nitrogen retention was significantly reduced in 32AL birds compared to 22AL and 22PF birds, irrespective of the diet. Taking into account these differences in nitrogen balance, AMEn was reduced under hot exposure: -72 and -155 kcal for control and summer diets respectively, in 32AL compared to 22PF chickens. This reduction could be explained by a significant decrease of nutrient digestibility:protein: -4.2 percentage units irrespective of the diet, fat: -1.7 and -5.2 percentage units for control and summer diets respectively, and starch: -4.2 percentage units for summer diet. It thus appears worthwhile to take into account such reduction in digestibility to formulate practical diets for brooding under hot conditions. High quality oil and protein sources should also be used instead of low quality feedstuffs, like animal sources, in such conditions.
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