Background: Seasonality poses a considerable food security challenge in Ethiopia. Yet, measuring seasonal variations in food insecurity, particularly the dimension of food access, lacks an adequately validated tool. We therefore evaluated the performance of an adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) to estimate seasonal variations in food insecurity (FI) among subsistence villagers in Ethiopia. Methods: We employed a cohort study design using a panel of four repeated measurements taken in June, September, and December in the year 2017, and in March 2018. The study recruited 473 villagers from the droughtaffected Wolaita area in southwest Ethiopia. The performance of the HFIAS was evaluated via internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha values) and criterion validation techniques. The set of criteria include: parallelism between affirmative responses to FI questions and wealth strata; dose-response relationship between FI and dietary intake; and also FI severity and household wealth status. Results: This study revealed that the HFIAS had satisfactory performance in four repeated measurements. The likelihood of affirmative responses to questions about FI decreased with ascending wealth quintiles. We observed an inverse dose-response relationship between FI and wealth status, and between FI and household dietary diversity. Conclusions: The HFIAS showed an acceptable potential for measuring seasonal variations in FI in the study area. Our findings complement efforts to evaluate the scale's applicability in various settings, in order to promote crossculture monitoring and comparisons. However, it required a careful adaption for contextual and cultural sensitivities.

Background and objectivesOver centuries, Ethiopia has experienced severe famines and periods of serious drought, and malnutrition remains a major public health problem. The aims of this study were to estimate seasonal variations in child stunting and wasting, and identify factors associated with both forms of child malnutrition in drought-prone areas.MethodsThis cohort study was conducted among a random sample of 909 children in rural southern Ethiopia. The same children were followed for 1 year (2017–2018) with quarterly repeated measurements of their outcomes: height-for-age and weight-for-height indices (Z-scores). Linear regression models were used to analyse the association between both outcomes and baseline factors (eg, household participation in a social safety net programme and water access) and some time-varying factors (eg, household food insecurity).ResultsChild wasting rates varied with seasonal household food insecurity (ᵪ2trend= 15.9, p=0.001), but stunting rates did not. Household participation in a social safety net programme was associated with decreased stunting (p=0.001) and wasting (p=0.002). In addition to its association with decreased wasting (p=0.001), protected drinking water access enhanced the association between household participation in a social safety net programme and decreased stunting (p=0.009). Absence of a household latrine (p=0.011), lower maternal education level (p=0.001), larger family size (p=0.004) and lack of non-farming income (p=0.002) were associated with increased child stunting.ConclusionsSeasonal household food insecurity was associated with child undernutrition in rural Ethiopia. Strengthening community-based food security programmes, such as the Ethiopian social safety net programme, could help to reduce child undernutrition in drought-prone areas. Improving clean water access and sanitation could also decrease child undernutrition.Key terms:Z-scores; Social safety net program; Water access