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Abstract-

The physico-chemical properties and level of some essential metals of four edible oils, two imported (Viking and Avena) and two processed in Ethiopia (Selam and Nur) oil samples, were analyzed using classical wet chemical method and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The result of physico-chemical properties shows that acid value in Avena and Viking oils which is 0.091±0.0042 mgKOH/g and 0.082±0.0047 mgKOH/g, respectively, from palm oil variety and in Selam and Nur oils 0.276±0.0056 mgKOH/g and 0.188±0.0050 mgKOH/g, respectively, from noug oil variety, saponification value in Avena and Viking oils which is 190.27±3.528 mgKOH/g and 189.80±3.528 mgKOH/g, respectively, and in Selam and Nur oils 187.00±5.668 mgKOH/g and 143.05±8.527 mgKOH/g, respectively, iodine value in Viking and Avena oils which is 97.545±0.6345 g and 53.807±1.0150 g, respectively, and Nur and Selam oils 116.410±0.3863 g and 88.153±0.5300 g, respectively, and peroxide value in Viking and Avena oils which is 1.413±0.0808 meq/kg and 1.233±0.0305 meq/kg, respectively, from palm oil variety and in Selam and Nur oils 0.893±0.0503 meq/kg and 1.460±0.0600 meq/kg, respectively, from noug oil variety were obtained. The level of essential metals in edible oil samples was analyzed after wet digestion. The results show that levels of Cu in Viking and Avena oils that were 0.62±0.022 mg and 0.28±0.004 mg, respectively, and in Selam and Nur oils 0.86±0.003 mg and 0.42±0.005 mg, respectively, and the levels of Zn in Viking and Avena oils that were 1.58±0.154 mg and 1.27±0.255 mg, respectively, and in Selam and Nur oils 1.19±0.160 mg and 1.47±0.567 mg, respectively, were obtained. The physico-chemical properties and level of essential metal revealed that four edible oils were acceptable to human consumption.

Background: The primary goal of antiretroviral therapy is to prevent human immune deficiency virus (HIV)-related morbidity and mortality. Deferring antiretroviral therapy (ART) until CD4 counts decline puts individuals with HIV at risk of HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of the test and treat strategy on mortality among HIV-positive clients on ART in public hospitals in Addis Ababa. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at five selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa. A cohort of 216 ART clients taken as an exposed group (test and treat" strategy) from 2017 to 2019 and 216 ART clients as an unexposed group taken from 2014 to 2017; totally, 432 clients were included in the study. Multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate the effect of the test and treat strategy on the survival of ART clients adjusting for other covariates. Results: The 432 clients contributed to a total of 1025.17 person-years follow-up. Ninetyone (21.06%) of them died, 14.3% were unexposed and 6.7% were exposed (test and treat). The incidence of death was 92.4 and 81.8/1000 person-years in the unexposed group and exposed group, respectively, with an overall mortality rate of 88.8/1000 person-years. Besides, test and treat strategy (AHR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.52), baseline CD4 counts >350 cells/mm3 (AHR 0.40; 95%: CI: 0.20, 0.80), bedridden functional status (AHR 2.46; 95% CI: 1.41, 4.27), poor adherence (AHR 3.25; 95% CI: 1.410-7.51), moderate malnutrition on last visit (AHR 2.56; 95% CI: 1.30-5.04) and staying on original regimen (AHR 4.68; 95% CI 2.72, 8.07) were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV patients on treatment decreased significantly since the start of the test and treat strategy. Therefore, test and treat strategy should be strengthened in all public and private facilities throughout the country.

Extraction of essential neem oil from neem seed were carried by soxhelt extraction and simple distillation method using different types of solvents and parameters. Physico-chemical characteristics of the extracted oil were also determined by using classical wet chemical method. Results were generated in both techniques. Soxhlet extraction using hexane has 40.35%, using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60:40% volume proportions have 43.71%, using ethanol 42.65% and using methanol 42.89%. In simple distillation method results reveal that using hexane 42.35%, in methanol 39.5%, using ethanol 40.72% and using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60:40% has 41.26 %. For all solvent type particle size has 355μm, extraction time 1hr up to 3hrs and applied constant and varies temperatures. At smaller extraction time, hexane produced oil yield greater than from ethanol and methanol. In soxhlet extraction, ethanol not produced oil at one-hour extraction time. Thus, by effective determination of factors like particle sizes, solvent type, temperature, and time it is possible to investigate the result on the quality and quantity of neem oil.