23Multiple observations from missions to Mars have revealed compelling evidence for a 24 volatile-rich Martian crust. A leading theory contends that eruption of basaltic magmas was the 25 ultimate mechanism of transfer of volatiles from the mantle toward the surface after an initial 26 outgassing related to the crystallization of a magma ocean. However, the concentrations of 27 volatile species in ascending magmas and in their mantle source regions are highly uncertain.

The CosmOrbitrap mass analyzer is highly sensitive and delivers mass resolution/accuracy unmatched by any instrument sent into orbit or launched into deep space. This prototype instrument, which maps to a spaceflight implementation, represents a mission-enabling technology capable of advancing planetary exploration for decades to come.

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