Design of Experiments (DOE) is statistical tool deployed in various types of system, process and product design, development and optimization. It is multipurpose tool that can be used in various situations such as design for comparisons, variable screening, transfer function identification, optimization and robust design. This paper explores historical aspects of DOE and provides state of the art of its application, guides researchers how to conceptualize, plan and conduct experiments, and how to analyze and interpret data including examples. In addition, this paper reveals that in past 20 years application of DOE have been growing rapidly in manufacturing as well as nonmanufacturing industries. It was most popular tool in scientific areas of medicine, engineering, biochemistry, physics, computer science and counts about 50% of its applications compared to all other scientific areas.
Keyword:Design of Experiments, full factorial design; fractional factorial design; product design; quality improvement;
Many manufacturing cost reduction initiatives have been introduced over past three decades including lean manufacturing. Waste reduction and efficiency improvement are the main objectives of this initiative. It is developed from a set of tools and techniques and can fit nicely in cost focus or cost leadership competitive advantage strategies. But, keeping competitive advantage under the market circumstances are getting harder with growth of production quantity and product diversity. Therefore, paper's focus is lean manufacturing implementation trends and issues within the various manufacturing sector. Successes and failures of implementation of lean manufacturing in some industries are discussed. It was found that lean principles are good source of competitive advantage, it is applicable for many industries and its expansion and discussion are significantly progressing. The biggest threat in implementing lean is lack of understanding the concept but those who engage consultants were more successful.
In past five years, there has been a rapid increase in the publication on additive manufacturing (AM). Many technologies have been introduced in a rapidly growing market. The designers are confronted with many challenges in designing products for additive manufacturing. AM offers significant advantages, but there are also many constraints for AM to be used in its full potential. This paper explores trends, issues and challenges in design for AM, including associated costs, design options, quality considerations. It has been found that AM is in its infancy, there is insufficient understanding of the process, method, strategies, tools applied in design for additive manufacturing process, while process quality and capabilities are continuously improving.
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