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Over the last decade, the field of organization studies has been characterized by a proliferation of divergent perspectives. Using bibliometric techniques, this paper examines the extent to which this state of differentiation may be associ ated with regional differences in scholarly orientation, specifically, between North America and Europe. The study is based on citation and co-citation analyses of articles published by North American authors in Administrative Science Quarterly and by European authors in Organization Studies in the three-year period from 1990 to 1992. Results do show that there is divergence in the perspectives that are currently dominant in Europe and North America, and, to some degree between Britain and elsewhere in Europe. The discussion section elaborates on the nature of the differences in orientation and speculates on factors that may have fostered and helped to maintain this diver gence.

We examine the antecedents of professionalization in boards of firms affiliated to family business groups, increasingly recognized in the literature as the dominant form of big business organization in many late-industrializing countries. Dimensions of board professionalization that we include in our study are board size, ratio of salaried executives and outsider presence. We compare predictions on board composition derived from contingency, institutional and power perspectives. Turkish family business groups, considered as an archetypal example of this form of organization, provide the empirical setting for the study, with data on 299 firms affiliated to ten different family business groups. Our results provide greater support for institutional and power perspectives, showing that, relative to internal and external complexity facing affiliate firms, institutional pressures and the presence of joint venture partners better predict board professionalization.