Telehealth has been known in medicine for over 70 years. Until the year 2020 it has been utilized in a limited setting to provide long-distance care for individuals residing in areas lacking health facilities. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic shifted the priorities of healthcare system towards COVID-19 infections, which resulted in the transition of non-emergency consultations to telemedicine in many countries. Since pediatric neurology requires frequent follow-up and multidisciplinary care, the purpose of our work is to determine the spectrum of use of telehealth in pediatric neurology before and during the pandemic. Secondly, we would like to discuss the differences of focus in tele-neurology for children patients between the pre-pandemic and during pandemic timeframes.Within 171 articles of PubMED database, 36 substantial articles on the introduction of telehealth to pediatric neurology were included in the review. 30.5% of the articles have included the implementation of telemedicine before the pandemic, 69.5% of the articles discussed improvements made after the pandemic started. The spectrum of disorders and interventions considered for telehealth included epilepsy, cerebral palsy, rare diseases, teleneuropsychology and teleneurorehabilitation. Among major differences between pre-pandemic and pandemic research, increase in international cooperation and discussion of not only medical, but also scientific and academic impact of the pandemic could be noted.Telehealth offers sustainable alternatives to many interventions which cannot be performed in-person during public health emergency such as SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Despite high satisfaction of caregivers and healthcare professionals from the virtual visits, solutions are still far from perfection and need improvements to provide more support for the patients with various disorders, cover the concerns of privacy and confidentiality, as well as support patients from low-income and lack of electronic techology backgrounds.
The measurements concerning the process of the electroreduction of Bi(III) ions in the presence of 6-thioguanine (6TG) and Triton X-100 as well as Tween 80 in the 2 mol·dm-3 chlorates(VII) demonstrate a dependence of the process rate on temperature. The applied electrochemical techniques (DC polarography, cyclic and SWV voltammetry) allowed to determine the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters as well as their correlation with changes in kinetics of the electrode process. The catalytic activity of 6TG was confirmed by the decrease of overall enthalpies of activation. Different values of ∆ # and ∆ % for Bi(III) electroreduction in the presence of 6-thioguanine as well as Triton X-100 and Tween 80 suggest changes in kinetics of the electrode process towards inhibition.
However, many challenges of the technology has been encountered including difficulties in conducting proper remote examination, lack of standarized protocols, concerns of the ethical and social matters, such as patient's confidentiality and privacy concerns, digital illiteracy in patients, and the need for more advanced hardware and more secure software for the provision of high quality services. Conclusions Reviewed research presents significant improvements in introduction of telemedicine in neurosurgical field in times of COVID Pandemic, however due to many multidisciplinary concerns regarding telemedicine implementation, face-to-face examination and communication still should take priority over the telemedicine interventions in the nonemergency future.
StreszczenieTransplantologia to jedna z najbardziej intensywnie rozwijających się dziedzin medycyny, której pełny rozkwit rozpoczął się na przełomie XIX i XX wieku wraz z pierwszymi przeszczepami organów zakończonymi sukcesem, dającymi pacjentom nadzieję na "drugie życie" i zdrowie. Obecnie, po odkryciu chirurgicznych i immunologicznych aspektów transplantacji, najbardziej dotkliwym problemem jest brak organów. Naukowcy stawiają przed medycyną również coraz to nowe wyzwania wraz z wprowadzeniem procedury przeszczepu twarzy, przeszczepu u noworodka oraz planowanej procedury przeszczepu głowy. Celem poniższej pracy jest przedstawienie najnowszych wyzwań technicznych związanych z transplantacją: hodowli organów oraz 3D bioprintingu, przeszczepu głowy, ksenotransplantacji. Liczne badania stwierdzają niezwykły postęp w pracach nad syntetyzowaniem organów z iPSC -pierwsze próby regeneracji serca, wątroby, kości i rogówki zwiastują początek medycyny regeneracyjnej i nowej ery w transplantologii, w której możliwość użycia syntetycznych organów wyeliminuje potrzebę ludzkich dawców. Niezbędna wydaje się w planowaniu powyższych osiągnięć technika 3D bioprintingu, dzięki której będzie możliwe harmonijne odtworzenie anatomicznych i histologicznych struktur i zależności. Intensywne badania prowadzone są również w aspekcie przeszczepu głowy, w któ-rym najważniejszymi dylematami operatywy są m.in. głęboka hipotermia, anastomoza rdzenia kręgowego oraz następcze uszkodzenie drogi rdzeniowo-wzgórzowej, niepokoją również liczne argumenty natury etycznej i moralnej, związane z przeprowadzeniem zabiegu. Mimo iż w transplantologii obserwuje się ogromny postęp techniczny w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu, to powyższe procedury czeka jeszcze wiele wyzwań natury technicznej oraz etycznej.
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