Power System Stabilizer (PSS) is one of the most used controllers in the local generations, primarily it aimed to suppress local mode of oscillations. On the other hand, the Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) the most versatile member of flexible alternating current transmission system devices to simultaneously control real and reactive power flows on transmission lines, as well as regulate selected bus voltage. Each of these controllers, on their own, can show satisfactory performance to enhance power system stability. However, when they utilized together, their dynamic performance can degrade due to controller interaction, that should be strategically optimized. In this paper, the coordinated design of pss's and upfc is realized to damp inter-area oscillations in two-area power system using particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. The simulated cases in Matlab environment show that the interaction of pss's and upfc can be optimized, so the inter-area oscillations can be effectively mitigated following after fault, the simulation results of the uncoordinated design are also presented.
Keywords: Solar panel microcontroller receiver design optical wireless communication (OWC) sun tracking A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C TThe use of solar cells as photodetectors in Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) systems, is acquiring an increasing attention. This is due to the fact that a solar cell can detect an incident optical signal without the need to be biased by an external dc source, unlike traditional photodetectors. Basically, solar cells are designed to be used in solar energy harvesting systems. However, the solar cells are used during the day time and they remain idle at night. Then, they can be used in other applications, such as optical signal detection during night hours. Moreover, the efficiency of solar systems and solar receivers can be maximized by using dual axis light source tracking, to keep the cell orientation at the direction that results in the maximum electrical output. Therefore, in this paper, a solar cell positioning algorithm is proposed to track the maximum power point of both of the sun at day time and the optical communication signal at night. The proposed system can automatically distinguish between its two operation modes and then provides the necessary control. The proposed system is implemented and tested under realistic outdoor environment. It showed an accurate detection of the operation situation and also an accurate and smooth positioning during the specific operation mode. The measurement of the generated and consumed power by the designed system has emphasized it feasibility.
Fractional order PID (FOPID) controller is a special kind of PID controller whose derivative and integral order are fractional rather than integer which has five parameters to be tuned. This paper presents study of the implementation of tuning method and performance enhancement of the closed loop system by use of the fractional order PID (PIλDμ) controller utilizing a MATLAB/Simulink. The tuning methods for these type controllers have many mixed tools of the available optimization methods and update artificial optimization methods in the design. In this paper particle swarm optimization has been implemented to design FOPID controller in which the unknown parameters are determined minimizing a given integral of time weighted absolute error (ITAE). The main specification of this paper is that the all five parameters of (PIλDμ) have been found directly without spreading the steps. It has been shown that the response and performance of the closed loop system with FOPID controller is much better than integer order PID controller for the same system and with better robustness.
In this paper a special kind of PID controller has been designed and implemented which is called fractional order PID (FOPID) controller whose derivative and integral are fractional rather than integers. The FOPID controller has five parameters which have been tuned by using an intelligent particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm by minimizing the fitness function given as integral of time weighted absolute error (ITAE). The digital fractional order PID (DFOPID) controller in discrete time with suitable sampling period has been attained utilizing special approximation method called continued fraction expansion (CFE) that lead to convert the s domain transfer function into z domain using MATLAB tools. As a case of study the DFOPID controller has been designed and realized by software in C language on PIC microcontroller for DC motor as a position control. The results showed software fulfillment of DFOPID, with alike time domain performance of closed loop system for both continuous and discrete.
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