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Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with encephalitis were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The guidelines are intended for use by health care providers who care for patients with encephalitis. The guideline includes data on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of many viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, and helminthic etiologies of encephalitis and provides information on when specific etiologic agents should be considered in individual patients with encephalitis.

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Immunocompromised people who are infected by B. microti are at risk of persistent relapsing illness. Such patients generally require antibabesial treatment for >or=6 weeks to achieve cure, including 2 weeks after parasites are no longer detected on blood smear.

Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus has been associated with alterations in the penicillinbinding proteins (PBPs). An intriguing property of all methicillin-resistant staphylococci is the dependence of resistance on the pH value of the growth medium. Growth of such bacteria at pH 5.2 completely suppressed the expression of methicillin resistance. We have examined the PBP patterns of methicillinresistant staphylococci grown at pH 7.0. We detected a high-molecular-weight PBP (PBP-2a; approximate size, 78,000 daltons) that was only present in the resistant bacteria but not in the isogenic sensitive strain. In cultures grown at pH 5.2, the extra PBP was not detectable.