In recent decades, Mashhad as the second largest city of Iran after Tehran has experienced rapidly physical expansion regardless of the citizens' need for green space. The importance of Mashhad's urban green space is understandable from two dimensions, the first one is the existing population of the area and its increasing trend as the second most populous city of Iran and the other is the religious position of Mashhad, which annually receives millions of domestic and foreign travelers. Therefore, the aim of this paper is the investigation of urban green spaces performance in term of economic and social indicators in the Mashhad metropolis area. This research is an applied study by considering to its goal, and a descriptive analytical study for respect to its nature. It was also predominantly carried out with a quantitative approach. The statistical population for this research included the total population of Mashhad, and 380 peoples were selected as the sample using Cochran's formula. Also, 20 managers of Mashhad green space were interviewed to obtain more accurate data. SPSS software was used in the form of Cronbach's alpha test and the looseness and elongation index. Data and information reliability were also analyzed by statistical tests. SPSS software was used in the form of Cronbach's alpha test and the looseness and elongation index. Also, data and information reliability were analyzed by statistical tests. Data collection tools included a questionnaire and measurement of items is based on the Likert spectrum and 5-choice options. The research questionnaire includes 15 social questions and 5 economic questions that have been tested and analyzed using SPSS22 software. The results showed that managerial performance in the field of urban green spaces in Mashhad metropolis did not have a significant effect. From the view of citizens and managers, the various dimensions of the social index (communication, education, leisure, access and participation) have been evaluated as desirable.
The World Bank has prioritised and implemented the Citizen Charter National Priority Program (CCNPP) – a community‐driven development program aiming to broadly engage local communities in planning and implementation of the community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan. This paper has utilised Arnstein's model of citizen's participation – the eight stages of citizen participation ladder – to assess the major barriers affecting citizen engagement in community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan. Employing a qualitative approach, we have conducted semi‐structured interviews and focus group discussions with local communities, elders of the community development councils, community development experts and practitioners. The paper has found out that poverty, deinstitutionalised Community Development Councils (CDCs), low level of literacy, lack of volunteering culture, male‐dominance in decision‐making processes, defects in CCNPP operational processes including limited time frame, predefined services, power‐seeking facilitating partners, area selection, and weak CDCs are among the major barriers affecting citizen participation in community‐driven projects in Afghanistan. This paper concluded that citizen's participation in community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan is placed at informing and consultation stages and, in some projects, could be placed at the placation stage of Arnstein's model of citizen participation.
There are formal and informal recycling workers as a part of the mainstream and resource management system that are handling separation of waste at source duties instead of urban dwellers who are facing the loss of aesthetic value of their cities. Less recycling wastes remain in the strewed waste bins to serve a circular economy from this disgusting perspective where uncontrolled waste collection, recycling, treatment, and disposal is likely to have health impacts on such workers. Further, their operations cause dispersal of contamination and debris that do not sound effective and environmentally waste management for a clean city and a pleasant and healthy living environment that is attractive to residents and visitors. The increasing number of informal workers demonstrates unsuccessful strategies of separation of waste at source and aborted due to lack of citizens engagement. Recently smart technologies emerged that sound useful to tackle the issues due to its capabilities of monitoring waste stream. Hence, the investigated performance indicators by scholars to improve waste management, reviewed in this study to develop a model for smart waste recycling. The service design approaches employed to be compatible to local infrastructures of the studied cities of Tehran and Mashhad in Iran that the potential smart waste segregation model figured out, based on integrated smart identification of all stakeholders, to apply legislation for citizens, communities and advocates, and private sector, and to provide monitoring and measurement tools about recycling waste and 4R (reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery) procedures. The system could be implemented in similar metropolises like Ankara, who face such issues. Further local analysis for technology acceptance evaluation should apply to refer client types, generation, and local infrastructures whether a combination of different identification and pickup methods will meet their satisfaction and improve the waste management system.
Understanding and management of urban street space capable of lighting it creates Urbanization process can be observed today in all countries this process, if it is considered natural and less worrisome, but if unplanned, the impaired and the ultimate goal is the welfare of citizens is not. Today, one of the problems of our cities and urban poor urban adverse effects that urban planning is a serious subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate locating housing and its effects on the development directions of Damghan. The research method based on purpose and on the basis of a descriptive nature that is the case in this study, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Microsoft Excel and SPSS statistical analysis is used to produce tables.
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