Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core signals perceived saliency Highlights d NAc core dopamine only mimics reward prediction error in select reward contexts d RPE does not model dopamine release during negative reinforcement d Dopamine signaling in the NAc core does not support valence-free prediction error d NAc core dopamine tracks valence-free perceived saliency in all conditions

In this paper, the heavy metal levels (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Hg), organic carbon, and chlorophyll degradation products were studied to prove their ecological effects in Lake Çıldır, where fossil fuels are used as an energy source in the studied area for most of the year, and domestic waste from settlements is discharged directly into the lake. Sediment samples were collected from six sites on the northern shore of Çıldır Lake, Turkey in November 2012. Enrichment (EF) and contamination factor (CF) values were determined, and Pollution Load (PLI) and Potential Ecological Risk (PER) indices were calculated. Average concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments were, in descending order, Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > As > Cd > Hg, respectively. According to mean values, the source of these elements may be considered natural due to lack of enrichment in Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the sediment samples. Regarding enrichment of As, Cd, Mn, and Hg, the highest EF belongs to Hg. PLI and PER values indicate there are moderate ecological risk in the lake.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of copper sulfate (CuSO 4 , 72 nd and 96 th hours), respectively. The effects of 1.5 mg/L dose of copper sulfate on growth rate, gross clinical observations and blood biochemical parameters of Nile tilapia were evaluated after 35, 65 and 95 days of exposure periods. The differences of growth rates between control and copper sulfate-exposed groups were not significant (P>0.05) at the end of 35, 65 and 95 days. Continuous exposure of Nile tilapia to 1.5 mg/L concentration of copper sulfate in water solution for three periods (35, 65 and 95 days) decreased the total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose (except the elevation in the exposed group at the end of 95 days period), magnesium (Mg + ²), calcium (Ca + ²), iron (Fe + ²), potassium (K + ), sodium (Na +1 ), chloride (Cl -) and phosphate values in serum. The cholesterol, low density lipid (LDL), triglyceride, globulin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations in the serum increased in copper sulfate-exposed fish. ), sodyum (Na +1 ), klor (Cl -) ve fosfatın serumdaki değerlerini düşürmüştür. Kolesterol, düşük yoğunluklu lipit (LDL), trigliserit, globülin, kreatinin, alkalin fosfataz (ALP), total bilirubin, direkt bilirubin, ürik asit ve üre azotu (BUN) konsantrasyonları bakır sülfata maruz kalan balıkların serumlarında yükselmiştir. Keywords