In vivo NMR spectroscopy is known as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MRS has been applied as both a research and a clinical tool in order to detect visible or nonvisible abnormalities. The adaptability of MRS allows a technique that can probe a wide variety of metabolic uses across different tissues. Although MRS is mostly applied for brain tissue, it can be used for detection, localization, staging, tumour aggressiveness evaluation, and tumour response assessment of breast, prostate, hepatic, and other cancers. In this article, the medical applications of MRS in the brain, including tumours, neural and psychiatric disorder studies, breast, prostate, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary investigations have been reviewed. R ESUM E La spectroscopie RMN in vivo est appel ee spectroscopie par r esonance magn etique (SRM) en clinique. La SRM a et e utilis ee autant comme outil de recherche que comme outil clinique pour la d etection des anomalies visibles ou non. L'adaptabilit e de la SRM en fait une technique qui peut examiner une grande vari et e d'utilisations m etaboliques dans diff erents tissus. Bien que la SRM soit principalement utilis ee pour les tissus c er ebraux, elle peutêtre utilis ee pour la d etection, la localisation, la d etermination du stade, l' evaluation du caract ere agressif d'une tumeur et l' evaluation de la r eponse tumorale dans le cancer du sein, de la prostate, du foie et d'autres organes. Cette etude, apr es un bref examen des fondements de la SRM, passe en revue les applications m edicales de la SRM dans le cerveau, incluant les tumeurs, les applications m edicales de la SRM, incluant les cancers et l' etude des troubles neurologiques et psychiatriques, ainsi que les examens du sein, de la prostate, du foie et des syst emes gastro-intestinal et g enito-urinaire.

This study shows the severity of pain and anxiety after ultrasonography decreased significantly. It can be concluded that ultrasound findings, which reassure the patients that they do not have specific pathology, can reduce the pain and anxiety by its impact on psychological status of the patient.

Introduction We aimed to describe shear wave elastography parameters of non-mass lesions of the breast and to assess the measures of diagnostic accuracy of shear wave elastography in the differentiation of non-mass lesions compared with conventional ultrasound, using histopathologic results as the reference standard. Methods This retrospective study included breast ultrasound-detected non-mass lesions with a confirmed pathologic diagnosis during a two-year study period. B-mode ultrasound and shear wave elastography were performed for all lesions before biopsy. Ultrasound features, shear wave elastography parameters (mean elasticity and maximum stiffness color), as well as Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System categories were recorded for each lesion. Measures of diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and ultrasound + shear wave elastography were also assessed. Results From a total of 567 breast lesions requiring core-needle biopsy, 49 (8.6%) were considered as non-mass lesions. Based on histopathologic reports, 32 patients (65.3%) had non-high-risk benign lesions, five (10.2%) had high-risk benign lesions, five (10.2%) had ductal carcinoma in situ, and seven (14.3%) had invasive carcinoma. There was no significant difference in patients’ age and palpability between benign and malignant lesions ( p = 0.16 and p = 0.12, respectively). Mean elasticity values and Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System categories were significantly higher among malignant lesions compared with benign non-mass lesions (both p < 0.001). Furthermore, the addition of shear wave elastography to grayscale ultrasound increased the specificity, positive predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion The complementary use of shear wave elastography with conventional ultrasound might help in the differentiation of non-mass breast lesions and has the potential to decrease the frequency of unnecessary biopsies performed for benign non-mass lesions.

The results suggest that for MRI-only TP of photon- or electron-beam radiotherapy, the bone densities of each age group should be defined separately for accurate dose calculation. Advances in knowledge: This study highlights the need for more age-specific determination of bone electron density for accurate dose calculations in paediatric MRI-only radiotherapy TP.