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Coconut sugar is traditionally produced by evaporating sap until reaching its saturated liquid and formed a crystalline structure. This study investigated the comparison of coconut sugar made by traditional method (crystalline structure) and dried coconut sugar (predominantly amorphous structure) to its characteristics. Two different formulation of coconut sap : maltodextrin (7 : 3) and (6 : 4) (weight/weight) were dried using vacuum oven (70℃, 6 hours) and spray dried (Tinlet 120℃.) Coconut sugar was characterized for moisture content, crystallinity, water sorption isotherm, hygroscopic rate, color, dissolving time, and powder recovery. Initial moisture content was examined and in range of 1.33%-3.44% (wb). The highest monolayer water content was obtained by using spray drying (6 : 4) and lowest was obtained by traditional method. X-ray diffraction showed that dried coconut sugar powder had dominant amorphous structure (70.9-71.4%) while traditional one was dominated with crystalline structure (90.5%). Traditional coconut sugar was the least hygroscopic (1.21 × 10-4 g water/g solid/minutes), followed by vacuum dried coconut sugar (1.48 × 10-4 g water/g solid/minutes) and spray dried ones (1.56-1.67 × 10-4 g water/g solid/minutes). Spray dried coconut sugar had the brightest and the whitest color, followed by vacuum dried and traditional coconut sugar. Vacuum dried powder was quicker to dissolve (13.33-16.67 s), while increasing maltodextrin in spray drying could not decrease the dissolving time. The highest powder recovery of dried sugar was obtained by using vacuum drying and higher maltodextrin concentration (88.70%) while traditional method produced 100% powder recovery.

Whey protein in the form of isolate or concentrate is widely used in food industries due to its functionality to form gel under certain condition and its nutritive value. Controlling or manipulating the formation of gel aggregates is used often to evaluate food texture. Many researchers made use of fractal analysis that provides the quantitative data (i.e., fractal dimension) for fundamentally and rationally analyzing and designing whey protein-based food texture. This quantitative analysis is also done to better understand how the texture of whey protein-based food is formed. Two methods for fractal analysis were discussed in this review: image analysis (microscopy) and rheology. These methods, however, have several limitations which greatly affect the accuracy of both fractal dimension values and types of aggregation obtained. This review therefore also discussed problem encountered and ways to reduce the potential errors during fractal analysis of each method.

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The purpose of this study was to obtain maltodextrin with the appropriate concentration of purple sweet potato anthocyanin extract to produce the natural dye powder preparations with the best physical and chemical characteristics. The research method used is Experimental Method (Experimental Method) by using Group Random Design (GRD). The experiment consisted of three treatments and each was repeated four times, with the treatment obtained in cassava purple with a concentration of 35.4 mg / 100gr anthocyanin extract.  The  next  stage  was  to  determine  the  best  concentration  of  maltodextrin Consisting of four treatments and each repeated three times. The anthocyanin pigment powder of purple sweet potato with various treatments of maltodextrin concentration addition gave a significant effect on the soluble time, and yield, but did not gave a significant effect on total of anthocyanin, hygroscopicity and solubility. The treatment 10% of maltodextrin concentration addition resulted in best characteristic with total anthocyanin of 48.43 mg / L, color intensity L * (brightness) of 37.86, a * (redness) of 43.66, b * (yellow) of 21.68, water content of 5.56%, hygroscopicity of 11.62%, solubility of  97.13%, soluble time of 159 seconds, pH value of 3.04, and yield of 31.38%. The resulting anthocyanin powder shows that the anthocyanin pigment powder of purple sweet potato with the maltodextrin concentration addition has the potential to serve as a natural dye powder for food and beverages.