Controlling the related factors implicated in the development of GDM may help to mitigate the sharp rise in the prevalence of GDM and its detrimental effects on maternal and newborn problems. Maternal age (over 30 years), prior history of gestational diabetes, increased BMI, family history of diabetes, parity, belonging to an ethnic group with a high correlation with GDM and prior birth of a large baby are the key related factors of GDM. Aim: The main goal is to determine the frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women and its causing factors. Place and Duration: This Descriptive, cross-sectional study was held in Department of Gynecology, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi from 16th January 2017 to 15th July 2017. Methods: 250 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus between the 18-45 years of age were included. Multiple gestations, unbooked cases, and cases of known DM were not included. Development of gestational diabetes is the primary outcome factor which was determined. Maternal age, parity, gestational age, grand multiparity, BMI (for obesity), prior GDM, prior experience of macrosomic infant, family history of DM & PCOS are additional study variables (responsible factors).
Objectives: To determine the perinatal outcome in patients of antepartum haemorrhage at tertiary care hospital. Study design: descriptive, case series. Settings: Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Liaquat National Hospital Karachi. Study duration: 3rd November 2018 to 2nd May 2019. Materials & Methods: Total 132 patients with antepartum haemorrhage of 15-45 years of age were selected. Congenital anomalies detected on ultrasonography were excluded. A detailed history including patient’s age, parity, gestational age, and presenting complaints was taken. A general examination with recording of vital signs was performed followed by systemic examination. All parameters of maternal and fetal well-being were recorded. All cases with antepartum haemorrhage were evaluated and perinatal outcome of patients with antepartum haemorrhage was recorded including low birth weight, still birth and neonatal death. Results: Age range in this study was from 15 to 45 years with mean age of 28.94 ± 4.23 years. Majority of the patients 79 (59.85%) were between 15 to 30 years of age. Mean gestational age was 33.20 ± 3.92 weeks. Mean parity was 3.13 ± 0.89. Mean amount of bleeding per vagina was 845.33 ± 67.22 ml. In this study, frequency of perinatal outcome in patients of antepartum haemorrhage was as follows; low birth weight was found in 71 (53.79%), stillborn in 56 (42.42%) patients and neonatal death in 23 (17.42%) patients. Conclusion: This study concluded that a proper protocol should be designed in these high risk patients for antenatal monitoring and proper management plans in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality of the fetus. Keywords: Antepartum Haemorrhage, Low Birth Weight, Neonatal Death.
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