Introduction The effectiveness of root canal therapy in endodontic practice is largely determined by providing a compact fluid‐tight closure at the apex of the root canal, which inhibits irritant entry and buildup, which leads to a biological breakdown of the attachment mechanism and failure. During obturation, along with gutta‐percha, root canal sealers are employed to fill voids and seal root canals. Root canal sealers come in a variety of shapes and sizes, each with its own set. Aim Evaluation of sealing ability in vitro study by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and biocompatibility in vivo animals study of BioRoot RCS and meta Biomed bio_ceramic sealer (CeraSeal RCS) and compared the findings with that of Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) sealer as control. Materials and Methods This study utilized two bio_ceramic sealers (BioRoot RCS and meta Biomed bio_ceramic sealer (CeraSeal RCS) and compared the findings with that of ZOE sealer as control. Biocompatibility was determined by examining histopathological biopsy specimens collected from rabbits. Each rabbit had four dentin tubes implanted into the subcutaneous tissues, one for BioRoot RCS, one for CeraSeal RCS, and one for ZOE RCS, with the fourth tube being empty haematoxylin and eosin were used to stain histological sections, and a light microscope was used to evaluate them. Extracted human single canal premolars were used to evaluate the sealing ability. The root canals were divided into three sections (coronal, middle, and apical). SEM was used to assess the adhesion quality at the sealer‐dentin interface. Results BioRoot and CeraSeal sealers have excellent sealing adaptation and biocompatibility, as well as rapid tissue recovery, while ZOE sealers have a slower recovery of inflammatory reaction results when compared to bio_root and ceraSeal sealers, as well as a less sealing adaptation than the two other bio_ceramic sealers. Conclusion In general, the two bioceramic sealers tested were biocompatible and capable of sealing or adhesion. While ZOE had less adherence ability and less biocompatibility.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among patients who attended to undergo dental procedures in a dental care units at College of Dentistry, Duhok, Kurdistan. Furthermore, is it necessary to include routine screening of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV in the dental care setting? Methods: The study was conducted prospectively at Dental care units at College of dentistry in Duhok province from February 2016 -November 2016. The patients' demographic profile was recorded. Blood samples were tested for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HCV at the virology department of Azadi teaching hospital by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The results obtained were analyzed by entering the data in a binary format as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Results: Out of 301 patients, there were 154 (51.16%) male with a mean age of 34.63 years (± 11.04). The prevalence of HBV, HCV and combined HBV + HCV was 1.99%, 0 and 0, respectively. The most common age group in this study was 26-50 yr (220; 66,45%), while the highest sero-positivity of HBsAg (3.17%) was in the age group 0-25 yr. The frequency of HBsAg in male and female was 2.60% and 1.36%, respectively; whereas, the frequency of HCV antibody was zero in both genders. Conclusion: HBV should be considered seriously in patients attending for dental care. Pre-dental intervention screening for HBsAg is a reasonable policy, particularly in younger aged (< 25 year) patients. All dental HCWs should adhere to infection control measures and they should be vaccinated against HBV to reduce the risk of occupational transmission of HBV and HCV. We did not find any case of HCV in this study, which confirms it has a very low prevalence in our region.

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Aim : The study aimed to compare Shaping ability of WaveOne Gold, Reciproc Blue and 2Shape NiTi systems having different design and metallurgic properties. Method : Forty five extracted human single root with 10 mm root length were randomly divided into three groups (Group one- Wave One Gold, Group two-Reciproc Blue, Group three- 2Shape rotary ) .CBCT images were taken before and after the instrumentation for each group, centering ability ,canal transportation and removal dentin thickness were evaluated for each group. Data were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Ductan test. Result : The results of canal centering ratio ,canal transportation and dentin thickness removal showed that no significant difference was found among the three file groups at the 1mm,3mm and 5mm levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that WaveOne Gold, Reciproc Blue and 2Shape preserved the original canal anatomy well.