Electrochemical localized corrosion tests in substitute ocean water at 40 "C and 70 "C and ASTM G48 tests in 6% FeC13 solution were performed on three classes of stainless steels: Ni-austenitic (both traditional and with high nitrogen content ones), high nitrogen Mn-austenitic nickel free and duplex (both traditional and with high nitrogen content ones).The Pitting Resistance Equivalent formula, PREM,, = %Cr + 3.3% Mo + 30% N -1% Mn, proposed to consider the presence of noticeable amount of manganese in some of the new high nitrogen stainless steels yields good linear correlation with experimental results. The existence of a threshold value of PREM, (2 45) to attain excellent localized corrosion resistance has been recognized. According to this observation the high nitrogen Ni-austenitic 2 I Cr24Nj6Mo0.24N, 24Crl8Ni4Mo0.48N, 24Cr22Ni7Mo0.52N and the duplex 25Cr8Ni4Mo0.26N "super" stainless steels are immune to localized attack also in the most severe electrochemical test conditions. This superiority is maintained also in ASTM G48 tests. Due to their values of Critical Crevice Temperature (CCTA~TM ~4 8 2 35 "C) these steels seem suitable for practical service in seawater environments up to about 30 "C. Elektrochemische Versuche zur Iokalen Korrosion in kunstlichem Meerwasser bei 40 "C und 70 "C sowie ASTM G48-Tests in 6% FeC13-Losung wurden an drei Typen von nichtrosteuden Stahlen durchgefuhrt: Ni-Austenite (sowohl herkornmliche als auch solche mit hohem Stickstoffgehalt), hoch-stickstoffhaltige, Nickel-freie Mn-Austenite und Duplex-Sorten (sowohl herkommliche als auch solche mit hohem Stickstoffgehalt). Die Formel fur das Lochfrafiwiderstandsaquivalent, PREM, = % Cr + 3,3%Mo + 30%N-1% Mn, die zur Berucksichtigung des Manganeinflusses fur einige der neuen hochstickstoffhaltigen nichtrostenden Stahle vorgeschlagen wurde, zeigt eine gute lineare Ubereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen. Um einen ausgezeichneten Widerstand gegenuber ortlicher Korrosion zu erreichen, konnte die Existenz eines Schwellwertes von PREM" (2 45) nachgewiesen werden. Entsprechend dieser Feststellung sind die hoch-stickstoffhaltigen Ni-Austenite 21Cr24Ni6Mo 0.24N, 24Crl8Ni4Mo0.48N, 24Cr22Ni7Mo0.52N und der Superduplexstahl 25Cr8Ni4Mo0.26N selbst unter den scharfsten Versuchsbedingungen immun gegeniiber ortlichem Angriff. Diese Uberlegenheit zeigt sich auch im ASTM G48-Test. Aufgrund ihrer Werte fur die kritische Spalttemperatur (CCTASTM ~4 8 2 35 "C) scheinen diese Stahle fur den praktischen Einsatz in Meerwasser bis zu etwa 30°C geeignet zu sein.
In this study, potentiodynamic polarization scans, potentiostatic scratch tests, and modified American Society for Testing and Materials F746 tests were carried out in simulated body fluids on commercial orthodontic wires made of different classes of materials and on titanium used as a reference. The stability of passivating film, evaluated by electrochemical techniques that abruptly damage it, e.g., potentiostatic scratch test, increased in the following order: Ni-Ti = stainless steel < Co-Cr alloy < Ti. Because satisfactory biocompatibilty of implants relies on the presence of a stable and efficient self-repairing passive film, this ranking should be considered in view of in vivo applications. Moreover, scratch tests show that it is not possible to enhance the performance of Ni-Ti samples by modifying surface-passive film by dipping in an HF/HNO(3) mixture. Finally, straining of Ni-Ti wires under superelastic conditions and consequent presence of stress-induced martensite does not substantially modify their localized corrosion resistance.
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