Land use in coastal Bangladesh is diverse, competitive and conflicting. Agriculture, shrimp farming, salt production, forestry, ship-breaking yards, ports, industry, settlements and wetlands are some of the uses. Land uses have gone through major changes. Land use in the 1950s had been mainly for paddy cultivation, but salinity intrusion and tidal flooding prevented further intensification. Hence, in the 1960s-1980s, the World Bank and others helped with large-scale polderization in order to boost rice production. A decade later, drainage congestion inside and heavy siltation outside the polders made the southwestern area unsuitable both for agriculture, and, in extreme cases, even for human habitation. However, as the region has a history of traditional shrimp farming, polders provided an opportunity for intensive shrimp farming. Crop land and mangroves were transformed to shrimp farming. This created social conflict. Planned management of diverse land use, including zoning, has been recommended since. This chapter focuses on the complexities of land use in Bangladesh and the adopted institutional approaches.
Balancing light capture with distributed metabolic demand during C 4 photosynthesis J.R. Evans, T.C. Vogelmann, and S. von Caemmerer Redesigning C 4 rice from limited C 4 photosynthesis D.M. Jiao Overexpression of C 4 pathway genes in the C 3 dicots potato, tobacco, and Arabidopsis: experiences and future challenges C. Peterhänsel, H.-J. Hirsch, and F. Kreuzaler Molecular evolution of C 4 photosynthesis in the dicot genus Flaveria: implications for the design of a C 4 plant U. Gowik and P. Westhoff Learning from nature to develop strategies for the directed evolution of C 4 rice R. Sage and T.L. Sage
This chapter examines the effects of aquaculture development on the livelihoods of households in two historically and geographically distinct coastal communities in north and south Vietnam. It is shown that the importance of open-access resources for livelihoods increases in line with the poverty and vulnerability of the social group. This increase has occurred at the same time as a decrease in the availability of open-access products because of the privatization of resources associated with aquaculture. Many openaccess resources are accessed illegally or with unofficial access rights and this has implications for livelihood security, since open-access resources have uncertain rights and legislative status, a status that is open to change and frequently subject to privatization. The high capital investment required and the loans necessary to raise that capital are also increasing the vulnerability of the wealthier households involved in aquaculture.
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