The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Theileria equi infection in racing horses in Baghdad governorate, utilizing clinical signs, microscopic examination, molecular assays, and hematological tests to identify significant differences between infected and non-infected horses. Between January and December 2021, a total of 160 racing horses from three locations in Baghdad governorate (Al-Amiriya Equestrian Club, Arabian horses in Alzwraa Zoo, and Iraqi Equestrian School) were randomly selected for examination. Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed 11 positive samples for Theileria equi (6.875%), while the results of the polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene confirmed 26 positives (16.25%). Sequenced amplicons and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed a genetic similarity of 93.03–100% and 94-100% site coverage compared to many global countries' isolates. Interestingly, only 16 (61.5%) of the 26 infected horses showed mild to subclinical symptoms or were carriers of the disease without tick infestation. Hematological blood parameters showed non-significant differences between infected and non-infected horses, except for a decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, which caused anemia in 12 horses among the 26 molecularly positive cases (46.15%). Of these cases, 6 horses (23.08%) had normocytic normochromic anemia, while 3 (11.54%) cases each had normocytic hypochromic and microcytic hypochromic anemia. Notably, young horses (two years old) were more susceptible to infection (odds ratio 15.4) than those over six years old. Additionally, sex and breed did not show any significant correlation with equine theileriosis. In conclusion, this study detected Theileria equi infection in young racing horses in Baghdad. Clinically, most infected cases showed mild to asymptomatic signs accompanied by anemia. Molecular investigation revealed high genetic similarity to isolates reported globally. These findings highlight the importance of implementing measures to control and prevent the spread of Theileria equi in racing horses in Baghdad and other regions. Further studies are warranted to better understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and risk factors associated with equine theileriosis.
This study aimed to detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses through hematological and molecular tests. The 16S rRNA gene of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum parasite was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), then sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to explore "Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis" (EGA) infection in three important gathering race horses areas in Baghdad governorate, Iraq. Blood samples were obtained from 160 horses of varying ages, three breeds, and both sexes, between January and December 2021. Prevalence and risk variables for anaplasmosis were analyzed using statistical odds ratio and chi-square tests. Results demonstrated that clinical anaplasmosis symptoms comprised jaundice, weight loss, paleness of mucus membrane with petechial hemorrhage in the third elides, and edema in extremities; There was no tick infestation. The hematological test did not significantly reveal decreases in red and white blood cells and platelet count. Microscopically found 11 from 160 smears (6.88%) had morulae within granulocytes, PCR results of Anaplasma spp primers was 32 positive amplicons (20%), and molecular sequencing results of “16S ribosomal RNA genes” confirmed 21 horses (13.13%) infected by Anaplasma phagocytophilum for the first time in Iraq horses. The results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed compatibility values similarity 98.81-99.76% with worldwide isolates. Mares occurred not significantly riskier; also age and breed were not illustrated risks of any group. This study is the first molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in racehorses reared in Baghdad in Iraq. The outcomes of this study provide genetic data for early identification of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection, treatment, and management of the illness in Iraq horses, as well as monitoring its transmission to the human population.
The number of patients diagnosed with oral cancer is gradually increasing. According to a study report, every year around 500,000 persons are diagnosed worldwide with oral cancer. The development of precancerous lesions is an incident that involves a number of cellular, biochemical and molecular as well as clinical alterations in the fibrovascular stroma. There are several risk factors that may lead to the development of the oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. There are many investigations regarding the screening or detection methods of oral cancers. There are many options for the treatment of oral cancers which depend on various factors. Increased research in the field of oral cancer has resulted in the development of newer technologies for detection and treatment of oral cancer. With the increase in the use of tobacco and alcohol the risk of oral cancer is increasing.
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