Expected climatic changes likely elicit serious challenges for crop production. Therefore, it is indispensable to investigate the response of crop growth parameters and yield under temperature variability environments. The current experiment on chilli pepper growth was conducted in a field, rain-shelter plastic house, and plastic greenhouse, with accumulated temperatures of 2832 °C, 2967 °C, and 3105 °C in 2017; and 2944 °C, 3091 °C, and 3168 °C in 2018 growing seasons. Based on soil analysis, 132.7 kg ha−1 (1× of livestock manure compost as an optimum and 265.4 kg ha−1 (2×) as a double amount of organic matter were applied to each simulated temperature condition. The results showed that organic manure application favorably affects the growth attributes and nutrient uptake of chilli pepper with the highest values found in the plastic greenhouse, followed by the rain-shelter house, over the open field cultivation condition. The highest growth of chilli pepper was at the 2× rate of organic manure application, whereas the highest yield was found at the 1× rate of organic manure application. The application of organic manure at the 1× rate in the greenhouse increased root, shoot, and fruit dry weights of chilli pepper by 21.4%, 52.4%, and 79.7%, respectively, compared to the control values. These results indicate that the rational use of organic amendments might be the best solution for chilli pepper production under variable climate conditions.

Bioactive herbicidal compounds produced by soil microorganisms might be used to creating a bioherbicide for biological weed control. A total of 1,300 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for herbicidal activity against grass and broadleaf weeds. Among primarily selected 102 strains, the herbicidal activity of bacterial fermentation broths from the following three isolates strain-101, strain-128, and strain-329 reduced the growth of D. sanguinalis by 66.7%, 78.3%, and 100%, respectively as compared with control. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing determined that the strain-329 has 99% similarity to Streptomyces anulatus (HBUM 174206). The potential bioherbicidal efficacy of Streptomyces strain-329 was tested on grass and broadleaf weeds for phytotoxic activity through pre- and post-emergence applications. At pre-emergence application, the phytotoxic efficacy to D. sanguinalis and S. bicolor on seed germination were 90.4% and 81.3%, respectively at the 2x concentration, whereas in the case of Solanum nigrum, 85.2% phytotoxic efficacy was observed at the 4x concentration. The efficacy of Streptomyces strain-329 was substantially higher at post-emergence application, presenting 100% control of grass and broadleaf weeds at the 1x concentration. Two herbicidal compounds coded as 329-C1 and 329-C3 were extracted and purified by column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methods. The active compound 329-C3 slightly increased leaf electrolytic leakage and MDA production as concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that new Streptomyces sp. strain-329 produced bioherbicidal metabolites and may provide a new lead molecule for production an efficient bioherbicide to regulate grass and broadleaf weeds.

Weeds are notorious plant species exhibiting a harmful impact on crops. Biological weed control is an efficient and environmentally friendly technique, usually constitutes naturally derived compounds, including bioherbicidal metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. The isolation and structural identification of phytotoxic compounds from Streptomyces have recently been proposed as an effective way to the discovery of novel bioherbicides. In the screening of bioherbicidal agents, isolated Streptomyces strain KRA17-580 demonstrated significant phytotoxic activity against Digitaria ciliaris. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence indicated that isolated KRA17-580 is similar to Streptomyces olivochromogenes. The bacterial culture conditions were optimized for temperature, agitation, and initial pH. Streptomyces strain KRA17-580 showed intense phytotoxic activity and high cell mass at an initial pH of 5.5–7.0, more than 150 rpm, and 25–30 °C. The herbicidal compounds isolated from the culture filtrate of strain KRA17-580 were purified by solvent partition, C18, Sephadex LH20 column chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. By 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis, the 580-H1 and 580-H2 compounds were identified as a cinnoline-4-carboxamide (M W, 173.0490; C9H7N3O2) and cinnoline-4-carboxylic acid (M W, 174.0503; C9H6N2O2), respectively. Only these two herbicidal compounds showed strong phytotoxic activity against D. ciliaris in foliar applications. However, compound 580-H2 was more phytotoxic than 580-H1 and the toxicity was dose-dependent. The herbicidal metabolite KRA17-580 produced by Streptomyces sp. is a new bioherbicidal candidate that may provide a new lead molecule for more efficient phytotoxic compounds.

Academic PublishersAdvances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences April 2019 | Volume 7 | Issue 4 | Page 272With the targets of reducing the feed cost and sustaining good performances of animals, the researchers tried to replace the high quality exotic grass into low quality local Research ArticleAbstract | This experiment was conducted to evaluate the in vitro fermentation parameters of grass based diet supplemented with two different tree legume forages in ruminants. The grass [Mulato II (M)] was mixed with legume forages [Gliricidia(G) and Sesbaenia (S)] to obtain the feed mixtures, M70%+G30%, M70%+S30% and M70%+G15%+S15%, and then carried out the in vitro gas production. The lower (p<0.05) crude protein and higher (p<0.05) fibre (neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre) contents were observed in Mulato II compared with legume forages, and M70+G30 had the highest (p<0.05) fibre content among the feed mixtures. The significant differences (p<0.05) in gas productions were observed in early incubation times (1, 6 and 12h). The higher fermentation parameters were found in Gliricidia. For the feed mixtures, no significant differences (p>0.05) in gas production and fermentation kinetics were observed. The nutritive values such as metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, short chain fatty acid, total digestible nutrient and digestible dry matter were higher (p<0.05) in Sesbaenia than other feedstuffs. The dry matter intake of M70+S30 was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of M70+G30 and M70+G15+S15. However, all feedstuffs and feed mixtures possessed the nutritive values of high quality forages and complete feeds for ruminants. The highest (p<0.05) methane concentration was observed in Sesbaenia, followed by Gliricidia and Mulato II. For the feed mixtures, M70+G15+S15 showed the higher (p<0.05) methane gas concentration than M70+G30 and M70+S30. The negative correlation (R 2 =0.9252) between NDF content and methane gas concentration of feedstuffs was observed. Thus, grass and legume forage mixtures have potential to use as complete feed for ruminant without using concentrates because of their higher nutritive values. In consideration with environmental issue, M70+G15+S15 feed mixture should not be used as ruminant feed because of its higher concentration of methane.

No abstract