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Introduction
Screen time, a proxy for sedentary behaviours, has emerged as a critical
health determinant among youth in contemporary societies, where most aspects of
youth life involve access to screen-time devices. An understudied approach to reducing
screen time among youth is bullying reduction. This study aims to understand the association
between bullying perpetration, victimization, youth perception of the school
environment and multiple screen-time behaviours.
Methods
A total of 44,861 youth aged between 13 and 18 years in two Canadian provinces
completed a validated questionnaire that collected student data on health behaviours
and outcomes, including multiple screen-time behaviours, bullying perpetration
and victimization, and school connectedness. The outcome variables were total screen
time, time spent watching television, playing video games, internet surfing, and communication-
based screen-time behaviours. Using a random intercept, the final models
were built using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. These models were adjusted for age, ethnicity,
weekly disposable income, daylight hours, and weather variables.
Results
Compared to youth who reported non-involvement in bullying, youth who
were bullies, victims, or both bullies and victims spent on average more minutes per
day in front of screens across all screen time categories. Youth who felt happy and safe
at school, and who perceived their teachers as being fair, reported lower levels of multiple
screen-time behaviours.
Conclusion
With non-involvement in bullying showing a strong negative association
with multiple screen-time behaviours, school policies to address bullying and screen
time through school connectedness could offer a novel approach in minimizing these
harmful behaviours.
The present study examined sudden gains (SGs; large symptom improvements between adjacent treatment sessions) and its association with treatment outcome in a randomized-controlled trial comparing cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) versus group psychotherapy (GPT; designed to incorporate only non-specific factors) for social anxiety disorder (SAD). SAD symptoms were assessed after each treatment session in a sample of 45 college students. Independent assessors evaluated symptom severity at baseline, post-treatment and follow-up. A total of 10 (22.2%) participants experienced SGs during treatment. No differences were found in symptom improvement at post-treatment or follow-up between individuals with and without SGs. SGs appeared at similar rates across both treatments but were associated with greater improvements at post-treatment and follow-up in GPT compared to CBGT. Majority of SGs in CBGT occurred early in treatment before the provision of specific treatment techniques. These results suggest that non-specific treatment factors may be important in promoting SGs.
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