In this work, four biocides were used for the purpose of growth inhibition of fungi and algae in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) specimens. Benzimidazol-2-yl-carbamicacid methyl ester [carbendazim (CB)], 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol [triclosan (TS)], and 3-iodo-2-propynyl N-butylcarbamate [iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC)] were used as antifungal agents, and 2-methylthio-4-ethylamino-6-tert-butylamino-triazin-1,3,5 [terbutryn (TT)] was used as an antialgal agent. Antifungal performance was evaluated by disk diffusion and dry weight techniques, and antialgal activities were carried out by disk diffusion and chlorophyll A methods. Aspergillus niger TISTR 3245 and Chlorella vulgaris TISTR 8580 were used as the testing fungus and alga, respectively. The experimental results suggested that the wettabilities of LLDPE specimens changed with the incorporation of CB, TS, IPBC, and TT biocides without significant changes in chemical structures and mechanical properties of the LLDPE. IPBC with the recommended content of 10,000 ppm was found to give the most satisfactory growth inhibition of A. niger. Antifungal performance evaluations were dependent on the testing methods used, whereas those for antialgal activity were not. The optimum concentration of TT agent for effective killing of C. vulgaris was 750 ppm; this loading could be reduced from 750 to 250 ppm by the addition of either TS or IPBC agent. TS and IPBC could be used as antialgal promoters in the LLDPE specimens.
The aim of this work concerned the performances and limitations of uses of two commercial biocides, namely 2-hydroxypropyl-3-piperazinyl-quinoline carboxylic acid methacrylate and N 2 -tert-butyl-N 4 -ethyl-6-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (Terbutryn), in low-density polyethylene mulching film for agricultural application. The effects of type and algaecide concentration as well as aging deterioration of low-density polyethylene film surfaces were studied in relation to the mechanical, physical, and antialgal properties of the low-density Downloaded from polyethylene films. For antialgal evaluation, disk diffusion test and chlorophyll-a measurement technique were carried out on Chlorella vulgaris, a single-cell green algae, and Phormidium angustissimum, a blue-green algae. The results suggested that adding 2-hydroxypropyl-3-piperazinyl-quinoline carboxylic acid methacrylate or Terbutryn tended to slightly increase the lightness value (L*) of specimens, but did not affect the film mechanical properties. The disk diffusion test indicated that only Terbutryn at 600-1000 ppm resulted in clear zone development against C. vulgaris for low-density polyethylene film specimens. Regarding the quantitative study by chlorophyll-a measurement technique, the antialgal activities of lowdensity polyethylene films gradually improved with increasing algaecide concentrations. Terbutryn appeared to show more effective antialgal efficacy than 2-hydroxypropyl-3-piperazinyl-quinoline carboxylic acid methacrylate. Under aging deterioration, Terbutryn-low-density polyethylene films showed less degradation of mechanical properties than neat low-density polyethylene films. However, the antialgal activity of Terbutryn-low-density polyethylene films at various algaecide concentrations was reduced under both accelerated UV weathering and natural outdoor exposure.
In this work, low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) films incorporated with 2-methylthio-4-ethylamino-6-tert.butylamino-triazin-1,3,5, or Terbutryn (TT) was used as anti-algal agent, at different concentrations were evaluated for anti-algal performances. Clear zone test and chlorophyll a measurement method were used for anti-algal evaluations against Chlorella vulgaris (TISTR 8580) and Phormidium angustissimum (TISTR 8979) as testing algae. Mechanical properties and surface color changes of LDPE were also observed for the effect of algaecide addition. It was found that addition of TT in the LDPE specimen did not significantly alter the tensile strength, tensile elongation and toughness properties of materials. For anti-algal test, it should be noted that the greater clear zone area (clear zone test) or smaller chlorophyll a content (chlorophyll a measurement method) the better anti-algal activities. It was found that the clear zone of the TT filled LDPE sample was observed with C. vulgaris but was not seen with P. angustissimum. When the TT concentration in LDPE was greater than 600 ppm, the C. vulgaris did not grow.
2Hydroxypropyl3PiperazinylQuinoline Carboxylic acid Methacrylate (HPQM), as one of the most effective anti-bacterial agents was introduced into polypropylene (PP) for the aim of anti-bacterial improvement. HPQM based water (HPQM-Solution) and HPQM based magnesium aluminometasilicate or Neusilin (HPQM-Neusilin) were supplied in the forms of liquid and solid powder, respectively. Physical appearances by means of discolorations of PP after introducing the HPQM-Solution or Neusilin were also investigated. Halo test and the dynamic shake flask methods accompanying with plate count agar technique were used for quantitative anti-bacterial performance analyzes and the results were reported in terms of radius of inhibition zone and percentage of bacteria reduction. HPQM-Neusilin samples showed obvious and better anti-bacterial performance as compared with the HPQM-Solution samples. The results by dynamic method suggested that the anti-bacterial efficacies of the HPQM-Neusilin samples were three times higher than those of the HPQM-Solution. To achieve the 99.9% of bacteria reduction, the optimum concentration of HPQM-Solution and HPQM-Neusilin required were 7,500 and 2,500 ppm, respectively. The addition of HPQM-Neusilin considerably changed the total color difference (ΔE*), the lightness (L*) and chromatic coordinate values (a* and b* values) of the PP, the effect being less pronounced in the case of HPQM-Solution.
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