Objective: This research is to study the assessment of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Artemisia abrotanum L. that recently grown in Iraq. Methods:The essential oil of A. abrotanum was extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus. This essential oil was tested for antimicrobial activity of five different pathogenic microorganisms (Gram-positive [Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis] and Gram-negative [Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli] bacterial strains) and fungi: Candida albicans using diffusion well agar method. Furthermore, this essential oil was tested for cytotoxic activity using rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, and the growth or inhibition of cancer cells was measured by MTT method. Results:The obtained results show that the antibacterial activity for A. abrotanum against S. aureus was at concentrations 40, 25, and15 µl with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 20 mm, while it showed antibacterial activity against E. coli for four different concentrations of 40, 25, 15, and10 μl with inhibition zone of 16, 12, 14, and 10 mm, respectively, and it showed antifungal activity against C. albicans at four concentrations 40, 25, 15, and10 μl with inhibition zone of 18, 24, 26, and 30 mm, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of the extracted essential oil was showed that the three concentrations of the extract (25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) were all lower significantly as compared to dimethyl sulfoxide group. A significant difference was seen for group 25 with both groups 50 and 100, but no significant difference was seen between the two later. Finally, the antimicrobial and anticancer activity of this plant could be due to its essential oil constituents: Borneol, cymene, camphor, terpineol, eucalyptol, and aromadendrene. Conclusion:The essential oil of A. abrotanum L. has a potent antimicrobial and anticancer effect against the tested microbial organisms and the cancer cells.
In this letter, we theoretical investigated electromagnetically induced phase grating in a three-level quantum system. The quantum system interacts with two weak probe and signal lights and a strong coupling light. We show that in two different parametric conditions i.e. in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler–Townes splitting (ATS) regimes, the probe and signal beams can be diffracted into the high-order directions. We realized that in the EIT regime, some of probe energy transfer from zero order to the high orders, while in ATS regime most of probe energy transfers to the high orders and small portion remain in the zero order.
Objective: This study aims to create a new delivery system for pemetrexed, employing a metal-C60 fullerene combination for the first time. Additionally, a lung cancer cell line study will be used to examine the impact of this combination on the release, behavior, and drug’s cytotoxicity. Methods: To utilize a laser to irradiate hydrocarbons, fullerene C60 (Buckysomes) was produced and then nanosized by adding different volumes of isopropyl alcohol and ultrasonication. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) and nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) were also prepared each one separately and added to the previous mixture together with Pemetrexed (PMX) with further ultrasonication for 20 minutes. The mixture is kept in the refrigerator for 20 hours and then filtered. The precipitate was dried and characterized for particle size, invitro release, and anticancer activity in comparison to pemetrexed loaded on C60 fullerene previously prepared in our laboratory. Results: The evaluation techniques revealed the successful loading of pemetrexed on metals- fullerene C60 nanocarrier, SG10 was the optimum sample with % of yield reach to 95.36. The release profile shows that the percentage release of pemetrexed after 240 minutes is equal to 40% from pure PMX, while the release after 240 minute was found to be 87.8 % from pemetrexed loaded gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) fullerene C60 nanocarrier (SG10), while NiNPs not significantly improved the release profile of Pemetrexed from Pemetrexed loaded NiNPs – fullerene (SN7). Pemetrexed loaded on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), when compared to pure PMX (3.1 M) and SN7 (11.5 M), fullerene nanocarrier (SG10) exhibits a lower IC50 (1.55 M) and a greater cytotoxic effect (high IR percent) on A549 cancer cells. Pemetrexed’s cytotoxicity in A549 was enhanced after being loaded onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-fullerene nanocarriers (90.4% cell death for SG10) as opposed to pure drug (60% cell death). This finding suggests that the loading process enhanced the drug’s cytotoxic activity for the tumor cells, which may have sped up the onset of action (30% cell death after 24 hours). Conclusion: This study successfully prepared Metals- fullerene C60 Buckysomes loaded with pemetrexed utilizing gold and nickel, which may serve (especially Au- fullerene) as a suitable nanocarrier for pemetrexed, resulting in an improvement to solubility, the release pattern, and cytotoxicity.
Molecular docking simulation of seven (7) compounds of 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazole was carried out so as to evaluate their theoretical binding affinities, targeting breast and lung cancers. The chemical structure of the molecules was accurately drawn using ChemDraw Professional 16.0 software. The designed compounds were checked for their selectivity towards ER and EGFR by using GOLD suite software. All the theoretically designed compounds exhibited excellent binding energies with the receptor active pocket and had promising activity with these proteins. Compound Y1 and Y2 shown the highest PLP Fitness values, with breast cancer protein ER, their values were (98.17, 98.15) respectively, and with lung cancer protein EGFR, their values were (98.88, 99.59) respectively. In-silico ADME and drug-likeness studies were performed by using the Swiss ADME server. The results showed that most of the compounds expected to be passively and highly absorbed from the GIT. Besides, all of the synthesized compounds satisfied the Rule of five (RO5).
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