Filariasis control programmes are moving towards a strategy of repeated single-dose mass treatment of endemic populations. Using a combination, such as albendazole (ALB) to diethylcarbamazine (DEC) gives both macrofilaricidal and anti-helmintic activity. However, the safety of the combination versus DEC alone should be established in field studies in large populations prior to incorporation into national programmes. The present study compared the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of single doses of DEC 6 mg/kg + ALB placebo with DEC 6 mg/kg + ALB 400 mg in populations living in two filariasis endemic villages in the district of Wardha in western India. The study was double blind, parallel group, and randomized. Safety and tolerability study were studied in males and females older than 5 years. Safety was assessed by monitoring if adverse events (AEs) over 5 days affected daily acivities. Subjects in the 2 treatment groups experienced insignificantly different effects on daily activities and the combination was shown to be safe. Efficacy was evaluated by microfilaraemia (Mf), immunochromatographic test (ICT) and ultrasonography (USG) at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months of follow up. The efficacy study enrolled 103 male patients (aged 18-50 years) in microfilariae positive, clinical disease and asymptomatic, amicrofilaremic groups. There was no significant difference in efficacy between groups at 12 months. Within the Mf positive group, significant differences were seen in microfilaraemia (P < 0.001) with both treatments, and in USG (P < 0.001 and P < 0.004 respectively), at 12 months. The present field study has shown the combination of DEC + ALB to be as safe as the single drug DEC and thus the combination can be put in use in the national filariasis control programmes. Both drugs were adequately absorbed. The study at present does not provide evidence for the greater efficacy of the combination at 12 months follow up. While the safety of the combination has been ascertained, the incorporation or otherwise of ALB into national programmes for greater efficacy must await results of studies with longer follow up.
Objective:To assess the nutrient intake of rural adolescent girls.Materials and Methods:The cross-sectional study was carried in four adopted villages of the Department of Community Medicine, M.G.I.M.S., Sewagram. A household survey was carried out in the villages. A list of all the adolescent girls in the age group of 10-19 years was prepared by enumeration through house-to-house visit. All adolescent girls were included in the study. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables and anthropometric variables. A 24 h recall method was used to assess nutrient intake. Data generated was entered and analyzed using epi_info 2000. Nutrient intake was compared with ICMR Recommended Dietary Allowances. Nutritional status was assessed by BMI for age.Results:The mean height of the adolescent girls was 142.9 cm. Overall, 57% of the adolescents were thin (BMI for age <5th percentile for CDC 2000 reference) and 43% of the adolescents were normal (BMI for age between 5th – 85th percentile for CDC 2000 reference). The average energy intake, which was 1239.6±176.4 kcal/day, was deficient of RDA by 39%. The average protein intake was 39.5±7 gm/day. It was deficient by 36% and the average iron intake, which was 13.2±2.5 mg/day, was deficient by 48%.Conclusions:The findings reiterate the dietary deficiency among adolescent girls which adversely affects the nutritional status. If the poor nutritional status is not corrected promptly before they become pregnant, it adversely affects the reproductive outcome. If we have to meet out the goals of Reproductive and Child Health Program, intervention strategies to improve the dietary intake of adolescent girls are needed so that their requirements of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals are met.
By utilizing time study methodologies, one can ascertain how long it takes a skilled person to complete a task with a specific level of quality. Time study aids in the selection of different job execution options as well as in the determination of the workforce required for a certain task, and thus assist in increasing manpower efficiency. It also aids in the acquisition of plants and machinery. By elaborating on the definition of "timemotion studies" (TMSs) as it is used in the biomedical literature and presenting justification based on full knowledge of that definition, this work aims to contribute to the standardization of TMSs. In TMSs, which is a type of quantitative data gathering, an outside observer records the motions and time necessary to complete an activity, together with an analysis aimed at increasing productivity. This paper suggests that, according to the researchers, the term is used to designate a range of investigations, the gathering and/or analysis of the length of one or more occurrences. A detailed analysis of all the available literature is done in this paper to get knowledge about TMS and its use in healthcare. Also, a comprehensive overview of many methodologies applied in works that are classed or referred to as TMSs is provided in this paper. Time motion investigations were first introduced in industrial engineering at the beginning of the twentieth century. Since then, they have been extensively employed by biological researchers, and because there is currently interest in parts of clinical workflow, they have attracted attention. However, combining the findings from different studies has proven challenging because there is a lot of variation in how techniques are used and reported. Although efforts have been made to uniformly publish these data and outcomes, there is still confusion about what TMSs are. A shared understanding of time and motion (TAM) research, as well as a proper acknowledgment of the various approaches it comprises, is a critical step toward standardization and validation. In this review paper literature analysis is done to discover what is known as TMSs to achieve the mentioned purpose.
Background:Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder among elderly population in India, yet, it is commonly misdiagnosed and undertreated. The exact burden of depression among the elderly population in rural India was not known.Objectives:To study the magnitude of depression among the elderly masses in rural Maharashtra and to find its correlates.Material and Methods:This is a cross sectional study, carried out among the elderly (≥60 years) population of both sexes residing in the field practice area of the department of community medicine. Geriatric depression scale was used for screening depression among the study population. Data collection was completed within 2 months using convenience sampling. Ethical approval was taken before beginning the study. Magnitude was expressed in percentage along with its 95% confidence interval (CI). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was carried out to study associated correlates. Odds ratio and 95% CI was used to express association.Results:The magnitude of depression among the elderly population was found to be 41.7% (95% CI 36.1–47.4). We got the significant positive association of female sex, living without spouse, lacking in decision making capability, a victim of abuse or neglect, or suffering from chronic illnesses with depression among elderly population in univariate analysis that did not hold good in the multivariate logistic regression. Our study showed the prevalence of mild depression among elderly to be 26.72% and that of severe depression to be 15.17%.Conclusion:To deal with this huge social problem of depression among the elderly population, more enthusiastic steps should be undertaken.
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