The significance of product innovation charters (PICs) cannot be overemphasized, as they provide understanding and a tool for setting organizational goals, charting strategic direction, and allocating resources for new product portfolios. In a unique way, a PIC represents a sort of mission statement mutation for new products. With the backdrop of strategy formulation and product innovation literatures, this article investigates the impact of both content specificity within PICs and satisfaction with the PIC formulation process on new product performance in North American corporations. A survey was undertaken among executives knowledgeable about their organization's new product development process. The respondents included chief executive officers, vice presidents, directors, and managers. The findings demonstrate that significant differences exist both in PIC content specificity and process satisfaction between highly innovative and low innovative firms. The study also shows that PIC specificity in terms of the factors mission content and strategic directives positively influences new product performance. Further, the study demonstrates that satisfaction with the process of formulating PICs plays a positive and powerful mediating role in the PIC specificity-performance relationship. The results suggest that product innovation charters, like their mission statement cousins, may be of more value than most managers realize. The study shows that achieving a state of organizational satisfaction with a PIC's formulation process is critical for obtaining better new product performance. Directions for future research also are suggested.Introduction P roduct innovation charters (PICs) were initially described as a ''set of policies and objectives designed to guide new product development'' (Crawford, 1980, p. 3). As such, they were intended to put a firm's new product strategy into concrete written form. Many scholars since then have leveraged the PIC term and built on its definition (e.g., Cooper, 1987;Crawford and Di Benedetto, 2006;Kuczmarski, 1994). However, it is clear from a review of the extant literature that only very few of the studies on new product strategy are content specific and that many of the references to PICs are anecdotal. In fact, studies investigating the specificity of a PIC's content, the process by which it was developed, and the potential impact that PICs have on new product performance are also extremely rare.Using the strategy formulation and product innovation literatures as a backdrop, this article develops a theoretical framework to empirically investigate both the impact of a PIC's content specificity and the mediating role that satisfaction with the PIC formulation process plays on new product performance. It then describes the findings from an ongoing research project related to this model.
DNS is vulnerable to cache poisoning attacks, whereby an attacker sends a spoofed reply to its own query. Historically, an attacker only needed to guess a predictable, or more recently, a 16 bit pseudorandom ID in order to be successful. The Kaminsky attack [7] demonstrated successful poisoning attacks that required only 6 seconds on typical networks. Since then, source port randomization (spr) has been used for additional protection. Nevetheless, E. Polyakov demonstrated successful poisoning attacks against spr given a Gigabit network, on the order of 10 hours. Even with slower network speeds, an attack is likely to be successful in a moderate time period. DNSSEC [3] will provide a strong countermeasure to poisoning as well as other attacks against the DNS. However, until DNSSEC is actually deployed, there is a need for additional countermeasures that can be deployed in the near term. In this paper, we describe a new approach that is based on detecting a poisoning attack, then sending an additional request for the same DNS Resource Record. Since the defense is only activated when attacks occur, we expect the performance impact to be minimal. The countermeasure requires no changes to the DNS standards, and only requires modifications to the caching server. Thus it can be deployed incrementally in order to obtain immediate security benefits. We show that our proposed defense makes poisoning attacks substantially more difficult. We have implemented the countermeasure using a local proxy for the BIND caching server, and our tests show that the performance impact is minimal.
The study proposes a conceptual model of the phenomenon of a radical innovation partnership and examines particular partner attributes affecting its performance. Borrowing from the paradox perspective in organizational studies, the model argues that a radical innovation partnership features several paradoxes -the paradox of a partnership structure, the paradox of partnership resources, and the paradox of partnership processes and that particular partner attributes affect the competing demands within each paradox. The paper further argues that contribution of each partner attribute is specific and differentiated. Deficiency in any attribute leads to imbalances across the paradoxes and less than optimal performance.
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