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Object:Coagulopathy is a common occurrence following traumatic brain injury (TBI). There are various studies showing incidence and risk factors of coagulopathy and their correlation with poor outcome in adult as well as paediatric age groups. Exact incidence, associated risk factors, treatment guideline for coagulopathy and its impact on outcome are still lacking. In our study we compared the adults and paediatric age groups TBI patients for incidence and risk factors of coagulopathy and its impact on outcome.Methods:Prospective study of 200 patients including 152 adult patients (age > 18 years) and 48 paediatric (Age < 18 years) patients of TBI admitted in intensive care unit of trauma centre of a tertiary care centre was performed from august 2015 to march 2016. Both population were further subdivided into moderate TBI and severe TBI as per Glasgow coma score (GCS). Patient with long bone injury, chest injury and abdominal injuries, coagulation disorder, liver disease, medical disease like diabetes mellitus and hypertension were excluded from study. Coagulation profile were compared in the both groups (Adult and paediatric) and correlated with the outcome. Chi- Square test, student t test and Odds ratios were used for statistical analysis.Results:Mean age among the adult and paediatric population were 37.89 ± 11.88 years and 11.41 ± 5.90, respectively. Among the patient with moderate TBI, coagulopathy was seen in 30% patients of adult TBI whereas it was 12.5% among the paediatric TBI (P = 0.185). Among the severe TBI group coagulopathy was observed in 68.03% and 37.5% of adult and paediatric age group respectively (P = 0.0016). There was significant correlation found between midline shift and coagulopathy in the paediatric age group (P = 0.022; OR - 4.58). E. There was significant association of coagulopathy and contusion on CT scan among the adult population (P = 0.007; OR - 3.487) found whereas no such correlation were observed in paediatric population.Conclusion:Coagulopathy was significantly higher among the adult patient with severe TBI as compare to paediatric patient with severe TBI. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality among patients of both the age groups with coagulopathy.

Skeletal tuberculosis as an extrapulmonary entity is uncommon accounting for less than 7% cases [1]. Tubercular involvement of the sternum is rarer even in countries where tuberculosis is highly prevalent [2]. We herein report an unusual case of tuberculous osteomyelitis of sternum with acute presentation as a swelling over anterior chest wall.An eleven year old girl presented with one week history of chest pain and swelling over anterior chest wall. There was history of progressive weight loss and low grade intermittent fever for one month. She was BCG vaccinated and there was no history of contact with tuberculosis in the family.On examination, the child was febrile, with thin built, and weighed 35 kgs (<50th percentile). Local examination showed diffuse swelling over manubrium. The swelling was highly tender and fluctuant. There was no redness, localised rise of temperature or any venous prominence over the swelling. There was no lymphadenopathy. Systemic examination revealed dullness over bilateral lower chest with decreased breath sounds on corresponding areas. Other systems were found to be normal.Investigations revealed hemoglobin of 10.4gm/dl, erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated to 40 mm in 1st hour. Tuberculin test was strongly positive measuring 20 x 20 mm with negative HIV test. Chest x-ray showed bilateral pleural effusion. Computed tomography of the chest showed permeative destruction (lytic areas) of sternum along with extrapleural collection tracking all along the anterior mediastinum and encroaching on anterior clear space on sagittal views (Fig 1). Collection was extending anterior to the sternum into parities and there was evidence of mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy along with areas of pleural reaction (thickening in the left hemithorax) along the costal pleura (Fig 2). There was enlargement of subcarinal group of lymph nodes. Fat planes anterior to mediastinum under collection were maintained. Aspirate from swelling over manubrium sterni revealed positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and positive Zeil Neelsen staining for acid fast bacilli.The child was started on antitubercular treatment with four drugs viz isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. The child showed dramatic improvement within a month of institution of treatment. The pain and swelling subsided. She was switched over to continuation phase with two drugs isoniazid and rifampicin. Abstract:Primary tubercular osteomyelitis of sternum presenting as an acute swelling over chest is an extremely rare presentation in pediatric population. We herein report such a case which was diagnosed by CT scan showing lytic lesion and aspiration revealed positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Child improved with antitubercular treatment.Tubercular osteomyelitis, Sternum

Service-Oriented Architecture is an architectural style where different heterogeneous components share information with each other by using special types of messages based on the protocol known as Simple Object Access Protocol. Various technologies, such as Common Object Request Broker Architecture, Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition, Java Message Service etc. are applied to realize Service-Oriented Architecture for different applications. Besides these approaches, two other techniques, REpresentational State Transfer, and web services are applied for the realization of Service-Oriented Architecture. Web services provide a platform independent communication scheme between applications. The security preservation among the composition of services is an important task for Service-Oriented Architecture. In this study, an attempt is made to incorporate security features in Service- Oriented Architecture with the help of software security patterns. This scheme is described by developing an architectural model integrated with security goals and security patterns. The structural and behavioral aspects of composition of web services incorporated with security features are presented using a Unified Modeling Language class diagram and a sequence diagram respectively. At the end of this study, an evaluation is performed between identified security patterns and critical security properties along with Service-Oriented Architecture design principles. A case study of an online banking system is considered to explain the use of security patterns.