Higher consumption and increased import requirements for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region can be catered through neighboring trade partners if resources are optimally utilized. The purpose of this research is to analyze the connection between regional trade of SAARC countries and the food security challenges faced by the region. The study uses data from 1990–2018 for Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh to econometrically analyze the determinants of the volume of food trade. The results show that the gross domestic product of importing or exporting countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) have positive impact on regional trade. The bilateral exchange rate between trading partners has a negative impact on the trade volume. The results also showed the absence of a long-run relationship between volume of trade and food security using Johansen’s cointegration test. Our analysis suggests that policy makers should focus on the means for creating favorable environment in Pakistan and India to not only meet the increasing global demands for food but also increasing their competitiveness for high-quality and low-quality priced products in major exports markets.
The present study was designed for the evaluation of the effect of agricultural loan on productivity and income of sample farmers in a backward area of Upper and Lower Kurram tehsil of Parachinar, where the main source of institutional credit is Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd (ZTBL). For this purpose, primary data of 100 respondents were collected from two Tehsils i.e. Lower and Upper Kurram by using convenience sampling technique, and multiple regression model was used for data analysis. Furthermore, the research could support us to evaluate the relationship between the farm productivity and agricultural credit facilitated by ZTBL in the Parachinar, in term of loan availability and its uses in improving the farm productivity. The result showed that overall average efficiency of the noncredit user was 4.448 while credit user efficiency was 7.058 which shows credit has a significant impact on farm productivity if it is not used as non-productively i.e., construction of houses, purchase of vehicle and marriages.
Currently, there is much debate concerning the role of social entrepreneurship in sustainable development, as well as the environmental factors important to the emergence and implementation of social initiatives. This study was conducted to determine the attitudes of rural people toward social entrepreneurship in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. The cluster sampling technique was employed to select 112 rural respondents from 3 villages. The primary data was collected by the use of pre-tested interview schedule during the period from March to May 2017. The study findings revealed that 52.7% of the rural population had positive attitudes toward social entrepreneurship. Results of the Pearson correlation test indicated that the education level of the rural population was Original Research Article
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