A combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine for upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (UGIE) was studied in 46 children aged 2-12 years over a 6-month period. Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg and ketamine 2 mg/kg were given as a bolus over 5 min. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and sedation scores were noted before induction as baseline and then every 5 min until recovery. The duration and ease of the procedure, time to recovery, and adverse effects, if any, were also recorded. UGIE could be performed with ease in 41 of the 46 cases. The HR, MAP, and SpO2 did not change significantly from the baseline. No airway intervention was required in any patient. There was no laryngospasm or shivering in any of the children, and one, four, and 11 children had hiccup, vomiting, and increased salivation, respectively. The Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score was <4 in all except for two cases. The results of this case series show that this drug combination not only promises to be clinically effective but also safe for UGIE in children. Further randomized controlled trials with standard sedation protocols will be required to draw definite conclusions.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the key enzyme of the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) which maintains the blood pressure homeostasis in our body. The association of the ACE insertion (I) or deletion (D) with essential hypertension has been demonstrated by many studies. The present study is aimed to determine the association, if any, of ACE I/D polymorphism with essential hypertension in Punjabi population. The ACE I/D polymorphism genotype frequencies were calculated by comparing essential hypertensive patients with ethnically similar normotensive controls. The samples were collected from the outpatient departments of various hospitals of Punjab. The subjects who had systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mmHg or greater, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mmHg or greater, or were using any antihypertensive medication were considered as hypertensive. The DNA samples from the patients (100) and controls (100) were isolated, amplified by PCR and analyzed on agarose gel. When all the genotypes were compared in patients and controls, the chi square value was 0.444, which was not significant at 5% level. The age, height and weight were analyzed in the three different categories DD, ID, II which did not show any significant relationship with the disease. A consistent increase was seen in the SBP and DBP in all the three genotypes from DD, ID to II respectively. This increase was statistically significant for DBP especially in case of DD vs II at 5% level (t=2.34, p<0.05).
A wide ranging finish effects have been given to denim fabrics in industrial scale to make it more fashionable and functional. Among the numerous wet and dry treatments given, worn out looks of various kinds have received the maximum attention. In this context, herein, two denim fabrics, one dyed with vat indigo and the other with sulphur black were enzyme washed. The enzymes used were acid cellulase and neutral cellulase and the treatments were done at varying concentrations, time and mechanical agitation. The trials so taken were based on design of experiments, and the effect was analysed in terms of decrease in colour depth and weight loss. Back staining of fabric during the wash was also checked and acid enzyme despite higher colour removal, caused significant staining in sulphur dyed quality. Attempt was made to contain this back staining by suitable treatment. The application conditions of cellulases on the denim qualities were also optimized for fading effect.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.