Conventional fuels for vehicular applications generate hazardous pollutants which have an adverse effect on the environment. Therefore, there is a high demand to shift towards environment-friendly vehicles for the present mobility sector. This paper highlights sustainable mobility and specifically sustainable transportation as a solution to reduce GHG emissions. Thus, hydrogen fuel-based vehicular technologies have started blooming and have gained significance following the zero-emission policy, focusing on various types of sustainable motilities and their limitations. Serving an incredible deliverance of energy by hydrogen fuel combustion engines, hydrogen can revolution various transportation sectors. In this study, the aspects of hydrogen as a fuel for sustainable mobility sectors have been investigated. In order to reduce the GHG (Green House Gas) emission from fossil fuel vehicles, researchers have paid their focus for research and development on hydrogen fuel vehicles and proton exchange fuel cells. Also, its development and progress in all mobility sectors in various countries have been scrutinized to measure the feasibility of sustainable mobility as a future. This, paper is an inclusive review of hydrogen-based mobility in various sectors of transportation, in particular fuel cell cars, that provides information on various technologies adapted with time to add more towards perfection. When compared to electric vehicles with a 200-mile range, fuel cell cars have a lower driving cost in all of the 2035 and 2050 scenarios. To stimulate the use of hydrogen as a passenger automobile fuel, the cost of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) must be brought down to at least the same level as an electric vehicle. Compared to gasoline cars, fuel cell vehicles use 43% less energy and generate 40% less CO2.

A hydrogen generation system based on NaBH 4 hydrolysis is affected by the nature of the catalyst and catalyst promoter. Various catalyst promoters such as Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles, Al 2 O 3 particles, ZrO 2 sand, SiO 2 , MMT clay, CNT and zeolite are compared with respect to hydrogen generation (HG) and hydrogen generation rate (HGR). The highest HG and HGR are observed with alumina nanoparticles as compared to other promoters. Cobalt chloride is found to be most efficient catalyst among the other cobalt based salts (CoCl 2 .6H 2 O, CoSO 4 .7H 2 O, (CH 3 COO) 2 Co.4H 2 O, Co(NO 3) 2 .H 2 O), cadmium based salt (CdSO 4) and copper based salt (CuSO 4. 5H 2 O). Maximum HGR obtained is 19.47 moles/L.sec for NaBH 4 (1.26 moles/L)/Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles (0.12 moles/L)/H 2 O and CoCl 2 .6H 2 O (0.02 moles/L) as catalyst at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. NaBH 4 and alumina hydrolysis reactions, hydrophilic and amphoteric nature of alumina, affinity of Co +2 towards BH 4 ions and formation of aluminates are the factors that promote HGR, as illustrated in this work. Residue obtained from hydrolysis reaction is characterized for its elemental composition by the EDS technique, which confirmed a maximum percentage of boron in the residue. XRD and FTIR results concluded that adsorption of Na + and Co + ions occurred on the alumina surface and resulted in the formation of sodium aluminates and cobalt aluminates in the solution.

Solid-state hydrogen storage is of considerable concern as a potential hydrogen source for portable fuel cell applications. This study mainly focuses on kinetics of NaBH 4 /Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles (20 nm)/H 2 O system with CoCl 2 as catalyst and the factors that affect the hydrogen generation rate (HGR). It is observed that the reaction rate increases considerably with increase in NaBH 4 , Al 2 O 3 nanoparticle (20 nm), CoCl 2 and NaOH concentrations and the respective reaction orders are calculated. Hydrogen generation rate is also investigated at different temperatures (303, 313, 323 and 333 K) for constant NaBH 4 (1.25 moles/L), NaOH (1.4 moles/L), CoCl2 (0.02 moles/L) and Al 2 O 3 (0.09 moles/L) concentrations. Kinetics of the NaBH 4 hydrolysis reaction increases with γ-Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles and the calculated activation energy is 29 kJ/moles. This study also reports that a combined dual-solid-fuel system is highly efficient in terms of hydrogen storage capacities compared with a single hydride based system. Maximum hydrogen generation efficiency, observed at a mass ratio of 0.09: 0.7 (Al 2 O 3 /NaBH 4), is 99.34%.

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