Seaweeds are known sources of marine bioactive substances with diverse biological activities important in the synthesis of medically important novel drugs. The proximate and elemental compositions as well as bioactive properties of a brown macroalga, Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) C. Agardh, were studied. Results showed that proximate composition of S. aquifolium contain high carbohydrate (32.29 ± 0.17%) and ash (30.19 ± 0.14%) content. Elemental composition of the seaweed exhibited a decreasing order of Na > Ca > K > Mg > Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd. The seaweed had a total phenolic content (TPC) of 5.74 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g. Antioxidant activities of S. aquifolium were characterized by having potent ABTS+ [2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)] scavenging activity and high copper reduction capacity with IC50 value of 107 μg/mL and 21.01 μg/mL respectively. Evaluation of tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activities showed that S. aquifolium extract has potent inhibition activities with IC50 of 39.00 μg/mL and IC50 of 231.00 μg/mL, respectively – more effective than kojic acid and tocopherol. In addition, in vitro assessment of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition property showed that S. aquifolium extract has potent inhibitory activity as compared to acarbose (standard anti-diabetic drug) with IC50 of 15.60 and 59.0 μg/mL, respectively. Also, the S. aquifolium extract exhibited effective antimicrobial activities against bacterial pathogens such as penicillin acylase-producing Bacillus cereus (MIC = 125 μg/mL), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (MIC = 250 μg/mL), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (MIC = 250 μg/mL), Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC = 250 μg/ mL), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 500 μg/mL). The current investigation is a pioneering study in the Philippines that shows the potential of S. aquifolium as novel source of bioactive compounds with important use for pharmaceutical applications.
Mango is one of the most important crops in the Philippines but there had been no local study on the possible utilization of its non-food parts such as the barks and leaves, which were reported to be rich in compounds with biological activities that are of significance in the development of cosmetic products (Masibo and He 2008; DA 2018). In this study, aqueous acetone extracts from leaves of the Philippine mango cultivars (“carabao,” “pico,” “apple mango, “sinaging,” and “sipsipin”) were investigated for their total phenolics content (TPC), phenolics composition, and biological activities – specifically, antioxidant as well as tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory properties. Results show that all mango leaf extracts had significant levels of TPC. Phenolic compounds such as mangiferin, gallic acid, quercetin 3-β-D-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol were all found to be present in the extracts with mangiferin as the predominant compound. All the extracts exhibited greater antioxidant capacity than the standard ascorbic acid, implying greater protection against skin damages due to free radicals. Also, all extracts exhibited greater inhibition on elastase than tocopherol, suggesting a greater anti-aging property. While only some extracts showed greater inhibition on tyrosinase than ascorbic acid, it did not surpass but gave comparable inhibitory activity with that of kojic acid. This implies that the extracts and kojic acid have comparable whitening capacities. Overall, the results affirm the great potential of the extracts of the local mango leaves as a cosmetic active ingredient
Despite the popularity of mango in the Philippines and the reported potential of the leaves of foreign mango cultivars as a source of polyphenolic compounds, no study had been undertaken yet investigating the potentials of the Philippine mango leaves. In this study, the extraction of the polyphenolic compounds from the leaves of the Philippine Carabao mango was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions were also applied on the leaves of the mango cultivars “Pico,” “Apple Mango,” “Sinaging,” and “Sipsipin.” The best phenolic leaf extract was encapsulated using maltodextrin via spray drying and its polyphenolic contents and antioxidant properties were also determined. Results show that acetone and ethanol were better at extracting solvents than methanol and the optimum conditions for extraction were 15% solid loading, 60% solvent concentration, and 0.92 h (acetone) and 1.5 h (ethanol) time. Moreover, the phenolic leaf extract from Carabao contained the highest total phenolic content (TPC) while the extract from Sinaging leaves exerted the greatest free radical scavenging capacity among the different cultivars. Furthermore, the encapsulated polyphenolic leaf extract from Carabao mango contained a significant amount of mangiferin and quercetin-3-β-D-glucopyranoside. Its antioxidant capacity was also better in terms of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) inhibition and copper reduction compared to ascorbic acid. All the results affirm the great potential of leaves from the local mango cultivars Carabao, Pico, Apple Mango, Sinaging, and Sipsipin as a source of antioxidant phenolic compounds for possible commercial application.
Phenolic compounds are important compounds that are known for their antioxidant bioactivities and other health-promoting properties. Different parts of mango (Mangifera indica Linn) tree, including their branches, are known to contain polyphenols. Mango branches that are cut off during pruning have no significant economic value. Polyphenols from mango branches can potentially provide an alternative source of income to farmers during non-fruiting season. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to identify the optimum conditions for the solvent-assisted extraction of phenolics from mango branches. Optimization conditions for two different solvents, acetone and ethanol, were done. A Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) identified solids loading, solvent concentration, and extraction time as factors that significantly affected the total polyphenol (TP) extraction. The optimum conditions for acetone-assisted extraction based on RSM analysis were as follows: 15% w/v-solids loading, 60% v/v-solvent concentration, and 1.5-h extraction time. The optimum conditions for ethanol-assisted extraction were as follows: 14.858% w/v-solids loading, 59.535% v/v-solvent concentration, and 1.763-h extraction time. The predicted TP values of acetone and ethanol extract using these optimum conditions were 32.7143 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and 35.8963 mg GAE, respectively. The actual TP values when the optimum conditions were used in an extraction, which were 32.0358 mg GAE for acetone extract and 33.0075 mg GAE for ethanol extract, were within the 95% prediction interval making the optimization points valid. HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis of the phenolic extract showed that mangiferin was the main phenolic compound in mango branches.
Different parts of the mango (Mangifera indica Linn) tree are known to contain phenolic compounds that exhibit health-promoting bioactivities. Branches that were cut off during pruning having no significant economic value were utilized as a source for phenolic compounds in this study. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of the extracted phenolics from branches of five mango varieties (“apple mango,” “carabao,” “pico,” “sinaging,” and “sipsipin”) were evaluated. The bioactivities of the phenolic extracts from mature and young branches of carabao and pico varieties were also compared. Three different methods were used to quantify the antioxidant capacity of the phenolic compounds – namely, the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity assay, ABTS [2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt] cation radical scavenging assay, and CUPRAC (cupric ion reduction antioxidant capacity) test. Anti-diabetic effects were evaluated by quantifying the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the phenolic extracts. Findings showed that the bioactivities were variable with respect to the varieties and maturity of the mango branches. The varieties apple mango, pico, and sinaging exhibited the highest antioxidant activity based on their EC50 values interpolated from the DPPH scavenging, ABTS scavenging, and CUPRAC assays, respectively. The anti-diabetic properties of the phenolics extracted from mango branches showed better bioactivity than the known anti-diabetic drugs, acarbose, and metformin. The findings of this present study offer a potentially huge economic impact to mango farmers as the extraction of phenolics from mango branches for medical supplement use can be a viable alternative and/or supplementary income source.
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