Records of bountied brown bear s Ursus arctos in Norway and Sweden were analy sed to estimate population size in the mid-1800' s, and changes in popul ation size and distribution in relation to the bear management policies of both countries. In the mid-1800' s about 65% of the bears in Scand inav ia wer e in Norway (perhaps 3,100 in Norw ay and 1,650 in Sweden). Both countries tried to eliminate the bear in the 1800 ' s; Sweden was more effective. By the turn of the century, the numbers of bears were low in both countries. The lowest population level in the population remnants that have subsequently survived occurred around 1930 and was estimated at 130 bears. Sweden' s policy was changed at the turn of the century to save the bear from extin ction. This policy was success ful, and the population is now large and expanding. Norway did not change its policy and bear s were virtually eliminated by 1920-30. Since 1975, bear observations increa sed in Norway. Thi s coincided temporally with an abrupt increase in the Swedish bear population, and bears reappeared sooner in areas closer to the remnant Swedish population s. Both cond itions support our conclusion that the bear was virtually exterminated in Norway and suggest that bears observed now are primarily immigrants from Sweden , except for far northern Norw ay, whi ch was recolonised from Russia and Finland. Today , we estimate that the Scandinavian bear popul ation numbers about 700 , with about 2% in Norw ay (on aver age about 14 in Norway, 650 -700 in Sweden). Thi s is a dra stic reduction in the estimate of bear s in Norway, compared with earlier stud ies. The trend s in bear numbers responded to the policies in effect. The most effective measure s used in Scandinavia to con serve bears were those that reduced or eliminated the economic incentive for people to kill them . Our analy sis also sugges ts that population estim ates based on reports from observation s made by the general public can be greatly inflated.
We analyzed harvest data to describe hunting patterns and harvest demography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) killed in 3 geographic regions in Sweden during 1981–2004. In addition, we investigated the effects of a ban on baiting, instituted in 2001, and 2 major changes in the quota system: a switch to sex‐specific quotas in 1992 and a return to total quotas in 1999. Brown bears (n=887) were harvested specifically by bear hunters and incidentally by moose (Alces alces) hunters. Both hunter categories harvested bears 1) using dogs (37%), 2) by still hunting (30%), 3) with the use of bait (18%), and 4) by stalking (16%). The proportion of bears killed with different harvest methods varied among regions and between bear‐ and moose‐oriented hunters. We found differences between male (52%) and female bears (48%) with respect to the variables that explained age. Moose‐oriented hunters using still hunting harvested the youngest male bears. Bears harvested during the first management period (1981–1991) were older and had greater odds of being male than during the subsequent period. It appears that hunters harvesting bears in Sweden are less selective than their North American counterparts, possibly due to differences in the hunting system. When comparing the 4 years immediately prior to the ban on baiting with the 4 years following the ban, we found no differences in average age of harvested bears, sex ratio, or proportion of bears killed with stalking, still hunting, and hunting with dogs, suggesting that the ban on baiting in Sweden had no immediate effect on patterns of brown bear harvest demography and remaining hunting methods. As the demographic and evolutionary side effects of selective harvesting receive growing attention, wildlife managers should be aware that differences in harvest systems between jurisdictions may cause qualitative and quantitative differences in harvest biases. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(1):79–88; 2008)
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