Natural products from plants have served mankind in a wide range of applications, such as medicines, perfumes, or flavoring agents. For this reason, synthesis, regulation and function of plant-derived chemicals, as well as the evolution of metabolic diversity, has attracted researchers all around the world. In particular, vascular plants have been subject to such analyses due to prevalent characteristics such as appearance, fragrance, and ecological settings. In contrast, bryophytes, constituting the second largest group of plants in terms of species number, have been mostly overlooked in this regard, potentially due to their seemingly tiny, simple and obscure nature. However, the identification of highly interesting chemicals from bryophytes with potential for biotechnological exploitation is changing this perception. Bryophytes offer a high degree of biochemical complexity, as a consequence of their ecological and genetic diversification, which enable them to prosper in various, often very harsh habitats. The number of bioactive compounds isolated from bryophytes is growing rapidly. The rapidly increasing wealth of bryophyte genetics opens doors to functional and comparative genomics approaches, including disentangling of the biosynthesis of potentially interesting chemicals, mining for novel gene families and tracing the evolutionary history of metabolic pathways. Throughout the last decades, the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens) has moved from being a model plant together with Marchantia polymorpha in fundamental biology into an attractive host for the production of biotechnologically relevant compounds such as biopharmaceuticals. In the future, bryophytes like the moss P. patens might also be attractive candidates for the production of novel bryophytederived chemicals of commercial interest. This review provides a comprehensive overview of natural product research in bryophytes from different perspectives together with biotechnological advances throughout the last decade.
Synopsis For dimensioning the abutments of the Rhine-Bridge near Emmerich, which was finished in 1965, as well as further Rhine-Bridges, the value of the angle of base friction between concrete and gravel under high normal stresses was investigated systematically. In these tests model blocks of concrete with a rough base were moved horizontally, above water level as well as below water level, at different foundation depths. According to the test conditions great variations of the friction coefficients were noticed if the tests were evaluated by the usual method. However, by including the energy to vertical movement of the model blocks during shearing all test results—except for a small scatter—can be reduced to a ‘true’ angle of base friction. Also direct shear tests were carried out with the same test device. Considering the energy correction they yielded a ‘true’ angle of internal friction which was equal to the true angle of base friction. A series of triaxial tests with 10 cm diameter samples, in which energy correction was determined from the volume change during shearing, also leads to approximately the same result. Pour dimensionner les culées du pont sur le Rhin prés d'Emmerich, terminé en 1965, ainsi que pour d'autres ponts sur le Rhin, on a entrepris des essais systématiques sur la grandeur de l'angle de frottement de semelle entre le béton et le gravier dans le cas de fortes contraintes normales trés grandes. Lors de ces essais des modéles réduits en béton frais respectivement en béton durci ayant une semelle rugueuse furent déplaçés horizontalement á des niveaux de fondation différents tant au-dessus de l'eau qu'au-dessous. Selon les conditions d'essai et surtout pour les différentes contraintes normales et densités on a constaté de fortes différences pour les coefficients de frottement de semelle en évaluant les essais de la façon classique. Cependant tous les résultats d'essai—à part quelques légéres dispersions—ont pu être ramené sur un angle de frottement ‘vrai’ par l'introduction du terme de l'énergie provenant du mouvement vertical des modéles lors du cisaillement. Pour obtenir une comparaison des essais de cisaillement direct ont été réalisés dans les mêmes conditions. En tenant compte de la correction de l'énergie on a obtenu un angle de frottement interne ‘vrai’ égal à l'angle de frottement de semelle ‘vrai’. Une série d'essais triaxiaux avec des épreuves de 10 cm de diamétre par laquelle la correction de l'énergie a été déterminée à partir du changement de volume lors du cisaillement a donné à peu près le même résultat.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.