PurposeThis study aims to know whether board composition is effective in improving firm performance and particularly to determine whether this relationship varies across different levels of performance, that is, companies with very low performance, low performance, moderate performance, high performance and very high performance.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a data set covering 213 Indian companies registered on S&P Bombay Stock Exchange 500 Index over the period 2001 to 2019 by using Tobin's Q as a performance parameter. The study applies the quantile regression technique and compares the results with fixed effect generalized least squares (GLS) regression.FindingsThe findings reveal that board size positively affects the company's performance across all quantiles. Independent directors negatively impact the performance of companies across all quantiles. However, the strength of these relationships increases with increase in performance, thereby supporting agency theory and stewardship theory, respectively. The effect of executive directors on the performance of the companies varies across quantiles. The effect is adverse at moderate and high quantiles only.Practical implicationsThe findings provide some grounds for regulators to exercise caution while designing board composition guidelines, keeping in mind the unique internal environment of each company which ultimately affects their performance levels. Similarly, Indian companies are also suggested to compose their boards keeping in mind their performance levels.Originality/valueThe study contributes towards the debate on the board composition and firm performance relationship by adding to the agency theory and stewardship theory that all the companies cannot have the similar board composition. Rather its composition depends upon the performance levels of the companies.
The study comprised lip morphometry of 600 North Indian adults (300 males and 300 females). The aim of the study was to create base data of various linear and vertical measurements of the upper and lower lips and width of the mouth. This standard may serve as a guideline for sexual dimorphism as well as for restoration or enhancement of esthetic and plastic surgery for the lips in the north Indian population, which will enable the surgeon to offer a better cosmetic result. Prior informed written consent from all the subjects was obtained. The exclusion and inclusion criteria for the subjects were predefined. The analysis shows the sexual dimorphism in most parameters of lips being greater in males. The results were compared with the available data for north white Americans, Malays, Malaysian Indians, Italians, western Indians and Caucasians. In the population under study, the measurements differ in all dimensions with Malays, Italians and Caucasians and show resemblance to the Malaysian Indians. Knowledge of the proportion between the upper and lower lips helps in surgical correction of the region. This study highlights the applied significance of observations of the present study to forensic, namely racial and sex dimorphic, criteria of identification.
Introduction:Obesity is becoming one of the serious public health problems of modern world with rapidly changing lifestyles involving consumption of high calorie foods with decreased physical activities. Spirometery is the initial screening tool for pulmonary diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of deranged BMI, pulmonary function tests and correlation between BMI and pulmonary function test. Material and methods:This study was done on 300 female subjects in the age group of 18-25 years including 150 from rural area and 150 from urban area of North Indian populations. Various anthropometric measurements (height, weight) were taken. BMI was calculated. Parameters of pulmonary function tests such as FVC, FEV1,FEV1/FVC,FEF25-75%,PEFR were measured by spirometer. Results:The mean value of BMI in rural and urban population is (23.33±4.75) and (22.55±4.57) respectively. On comparing Pulmonary function parameters of both the population, all the parameters were significantly higher in urban population except FEV1/FVC. Conclusion:Prevalence of deranged BMI was significantly higher in rural population. Negative correlation found between BMI with Pulmonary function tests in both population except FEV1 and FVC which showed positive correlation in urban population.
Behçet's disease is a multisystem inflammatory disorder which may involve the vascular system. The vasculopathy of Behçet's disease is distinctive among the vasculitides in that it involves both arteries and veins, and vessels of all sizes. Most published diagnostic criteria for Behçet's disease include the classic triad of orogenital ulceration and ocular inflammation. In this report, we describe a patient who had a vasculopathy fitting the Behçet's disease type, but who lacked the other characteristic or diagnostic features of Behçet's disease. This case illustrates an unusual presentation and natural history of a complex vasculitic disease.
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