Background: It is assumed that plant growth regulators produced by beneficial bacterial species could also influence plant growth. IAA is a major plant growth regulator responsible for stimulation of plant growth. There are several microorganisms which are naturally responsible for L- tryptophan metabolism. Methods: In total, 56 indigenous morphologically distinct isolates from rice roots were selected and subsequently characterized with biochemical tests, 16S rRNA sequencing and plant growth promoting activities. Pseudomonas fluorescens RE1 (GenBank: MF102882.1) and RE17 (GenBank: MF103672.1) endophytes resulted in better PGP activity against the other 54 isolates. Both endophytes were tested to screen indole-3-acetic acid production ability in pure culture conditions with L-tryptophan at 0, 50, 100, 200 and 500µg/ml concentrations. Results: P. fluorescens RE1 was recorded efficient for indole production in comparison to P. fluorescens RE17 at various L-tryptophan concentrations. P. fluorescens RE1 was shown to produce between 0.8 µg/ml and 11.5µg/ml of indole at various tryptophan concentrations, while RE17 produced between 1.2µg/ml and 10.2µg/ml. At 200 and 500µg/ml tryptophan concentration, P. fluorescens RE17 produced 7.4pmol/ml and 9.3pmol/ml IAA, respectively.  Conclusions: Inoculation of maize seed with P. fluorescens RE1 and RE17 showed a significantly higher level of IAA production in comparison to non-inoculated seeds. Current study outcomes proved that plant growth regulators produced by Pseudomonas species could also play a critical role in plant growth promotion.

Neem has immense biocontrol potential against a large number of pathogens causing various diseases in human beings and plants. The plant has maximum useful value in its leaves, bark,, flowers and fruits than any other tree species. These values include antiallergic, antidermatic, antifeedent, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. Due to the vast activities of neem, it has become extremely valuable in making our ecosystem a green treasure. Neem leaves have been demonstrated to exhibit immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimalarial properties. Neem tree plant parts contain a promising pest control substance which has found effective use against economically important agricultural pests. Neem plant products are easy to process by village level industries on the micro scale level and use by resource poor farmers in crop protection resulting thereby in income generation. This plant also has antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging potential in its different extracted solvents. The present review highlights the properties of neem against the pathogens of living organisms for environmental protection.

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The current pandemic has been declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020. The causative agent of the COVID-19 is Sub-Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes lung severe disease, is an enveloped RNA virus. The bats being the main zoonotic reservoir of the virus. As of July 9, 2020, the number of cases has around 11,841,326 cases, with 544,739 death cases worldwide. Surveillance of the asymptomatic carriers, the certain lockdown of the public places, quarantine of 14 days of suspected individuals, or other necessary steps have been taken by each country to limit the coronavirus infection. Many scientists have worked on drug repositioning of already available drugs to compete and kill the virus. The following literature review has been conducted from the publicly available information about the evolutionary relationship, genetics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, or laboratory tests of the virus. We have also covered the available control or precautionary measures, and treatment against the virus.

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